Tourism theories and practices

â€Å" What Do Tourists Make And Why? † Critically DiscussTourism industry has emerged as one of the fastest turning industry and largest employers in the modern universe. This sheer enormousness of the industry is understood from the fact that the Numberss of tourers worldwide are anticipated to be doubled to one billion plus by the terminal of 2010. This essay will discourse in brief the different theories of touristry which define tourer behaviour, their functions, activities and motives which in bend influence the industry. Thesis statement: Tourists and their idea procedure, their behaviour and motives are centrifugal to the construct of touristry. Many bookmans have tried to specify the typology of the tourers, their categorizations in order to understand the construct of touristry. The essay will sketch some of the old theories and the modern twenty-four hours attack and why there is a demand for more research based surveies to work the potency of this industry.Meaning Of Tourism-What Is TourismMichel Eyquem De Montaigne said, â€Å"A adult male should of all time be ready booted to take his journey.† Man because of his gregarious nature is bound to go from one topographic point to another to carry through his assorted demands be it societal, emotional or physical. Traveling is therefore characteristic to human society on the whole. Travel and touristry was traditionally considered as a luxury point. But with the bend of the century, definition of travel and touristry has evolved. Tourism no longer stands for simple travelling or impermanent journeys and corsets chiefly for pleasance, leisure and or recreational intents or a luxury component. Twentieth century ushered in the paradigm displacement in the construct of touristry. In fact it will non be undue to state that there has been passage from the 19th and early twentieth century construct of touristry as an exercising in leisure and pleasance sphere to the construct of touristry as an exercising in concern, economic sciences. It is more of a consumer merchandise ; touristry industry is a vivacious market where touristry merchandises can be sold now as any other consumer merchandise, consumer here is the tourer. ( Kamra, p 157 ) Harmonizing to statistics brought out by the statistics of the World Tourism Organisation ( WTO ) in 1994, touristry contributed 12 per cent of the universe ‘s Gross National Product. ( Kamra, 12 ) Tourism industry is one of the fastest turning industry using 100s of 1000000s of people worldwide, which explains the ground why the survey of the touristry and touristry research has become so of import in non merely the academic field but besides for the economic system on the whole. Modern twenty-four hours touristry is much more than simple travelling ; it is pure economic sciences, which is determined by theories of demand, and supply, which brings in the inquiry of sustainability. Tourism is no more synonymous to going. Today touristry is merely like a normal consumer merchandise which is driven by market kineticss, demand supply, sold through retail mercantile establishments. It no longer remains a luxury of the upper category but has become a aggregate merchandise for the turning consumer market, in this instance the turning tourer community. In fact there has been a combination of factors which have resulted in the proliferation of touristry industry. The premier being increased leisure, higher incomes of burgeoning in-between category. One of the chief drivers to growing in the coming epoch would be the turning in-between category. The survey of touristry theories and patterns hence would chiefly go around around the demands, motives, function, experiences of the tourers. What do tourers make and why? The most general categorization of tourers is on the footing of the demands of the tourer. This would chiefly sort the full tourer community into two groups-the traveller and the tourer. While the former is chiefly conceived as one who would fundamentally go to understand the topographic point and therefore would instead prefer longer trips and would be after it separately. The latter classified, as a tourer in layperson ‘s version would be characterized as one with superficial involvement. One who would indulge in shorter trips and group Tourss or charters and would chiefly depend on tour agents. But this categorization is really obscure.MotivationsMost of the tourers travel for alteration of environment because of which new constructs of touristry like eco-tourism, rural touristry have come into being. Cultural attractive forces, instruction, deriving cognition about new civilizations might be other of import motives. For illustration attractive force towards Buddhist civilization has made Myanmar and some parts of North East India a major hub for Buddhist tourers from all around the universe. Peoples from all around the universe travel to these topographic p oints to acquire see the Buddhist spirit. There can be other motives besides like quest for new experience, personal visits etc. Some of the most prevailing theories of finish development and categorization of tourers Some bookmans have tried to sort the tourer on the footing of their demands, which explains the ground for their travel. For illustration a tourer can be classified as adventurer, elite, upbeat, unusual, mass or charter on the footing of his/her demand. While an explorer tourer group will desire find, escapade, geographic expedition, a elect tourer might hold a particular personally customized tailored trip to any alien topographic points. Or for illustration an upbeat tourer might go to acquire off from the crowds. The categorization harmonizing to demand describes the chief intent of travel. There can be a pure mass group besides under the demand-based categorization where the tourer might prefer normal circuit bundles and vacation trips to conventional topographic points. Therefore categorization on the footing of demand to a big extent determines the demands and the activities of the tourers. There can besides be categorization on the footing of the significance and demand, where tourers might go for the interest of simple diversion, recreation, experiential, experimental grounds. There can be besides motivational based categorization. Understanding the motivation behind going might assist to foretell consumer mind. An American research worker named Plog ( Mason 26 ) put forth his theory based on the psychological science of tourers and these were published in 1973. Plog ‘s theory was based on a instance survey conducted on New York occupants and their attitudes to go. Plog ‘s discussed the tourer behaviour and motives based on the psychological science of the tourers. Therefore there are two types of tourers, the allo-centric and psycho-centric types of tourer. He argued that there are peculiar psychological types who do non like unfamiliar environments or civilizations, so when they select a vacation they will seek the familiar parts than unfamiliar distant parts ( these he termed psycho-centric ) . Plog farther added that there are still some groups in society who will be prepared to put on the line a far more unsure holiday finish. These tourers will seek for strange or unfamiliar and these he termed allo-centric. While the psycho-centric would non go far from the local environment the allo-centric would go long distances to unfamiliar locations. He concluded that the bulk of the tourers were neither to the full psycho- centric nor to the full allo-centric. Rather most of the tourers were located in the centre point between the two extremes of psycho-centric and allo-centric.And that bulk of the tourers would seek the familiar and prefer non to go great distances to acquire at that place. An of import point that emerged from the finish development of Plog ‘s theory is that different tourers finishs are attractive to different types of tourers based on the sort of traveller they are, psycho or allo-centric and that bulk of the tourers will prefer to go for short distances than longer 1s to travel for vacations. Therefore it suggests that the tourer finishs in most of the developed states which are in close propinquity to major population countries, busy countries, markets, residential countries are likely to be developed and turn more rapidly than those in the distant remote countries. However, in existent pattern, sometimes this theory may besides turn out incorrect. On the contrary many of the distant countries are now acquiring faster developed than those near the major population countries. While Plog ‘s theory was based more on the psychological portion of tourers, Erik Cohen ‘s theory relate to the behaviour of the tourers. Erik Cohen who developed a categorization of tourers where there was a four head categorization. First was the organized mass tourers who travel in groups, who prefer packaged vacation ( travel, adjustment, nutrient etc. ) normally arranged by a travel agent. The 2nd type was the single mass tourers who use the same installations as the organized mass tourers, but the difference lies merely in determination devising. This group makes more single based determinations about their activity and trip. There are besides the adventurers and the vagrants. While adventurers would most frequently arrange their ain trips, meet and interact with the locals vagrants avoid all contact with other tourers and leave with the locals. This categorization of tourers lives longer than the other groups. If both the above mentioned tourer theories which fundamentally delve into the features of human behavioural facets are combined so we would see that bulk of Cohen ‘s mass tourer and independent mass tourers would meet with Plog ‘s psycho-centric tourers. Subsequently in the mid 1970s, Doxey proposed the Irritation Index or the Irridex. The Irridex was based on the relationship between the tourers and the locals. The cardinal thought as it is apparent from the name of the index itself is that over a clip period as the figure of tourist addition in a peculiar country, a greater annoyance and hatred would construct up amongst the locals towards the tourers. So, over the clip as the locals gets more irritant with the visitants and go hostile, the figure of visitants might really worsen or might non go on to turn at the same rate as antecedently. But the job with most of these theories was that most of them were non based on proper field research but on treatments. Butler ‘s Tourist Area Life Cycle ( TALC ) ( Mason, 33 ) theoretical account on touristry which is still the most widely accepted and of import theory trades with a peculiar finish, his theory explains how a finish emerge as a tourer finish after several phases. Butler suggested a theoretical account where a touristry finish develops over clip as a consequence of several factors. Destination is a really of import component in touristry. A finish is defined most widely as a merchandise is marketed to its consumers. And like all other merchandises, tourer finishs besides have a life rhythm. Butler proposed a theoretical account for touristry country life rhythm in which he showed how a finish begins as a comparatively unknown topographic point and visitants foremost come in little fractions because of deficiency of entree, installations and local cognition ( Miller and Galluci, 2004 ) The cardinal point in Butler ‘s theoretical account was that planning and proper remedial action by the tourers can assist collar the diminution in resorts and touristry substructure. One of the major challenges that the World Tourism Organization made in its Global Forecasts for the twelvemonth 2000 and beyond is the issue of sustainability, which relates to the absorbent capacity of an economic system with regard to touristry. This does non mention to the physical capacity entirely but besides to the capacity of a peculiar country to supply touristry substructure, pool in investings, work force, and natural resources. While manpower would non be a restraint, other natural resources might be. The theory of sustainable touristry therefore away late has emerged of greater relevancy, which is necessary to advance environmental consciousness and hike touristry industry on the whole. Sustainable touristry in a nutshell can be explained as a agency by which tourer growing is achieved every bit good as environment and Earth ‘s scarce resources are preserved. Apart from the environment issue another firing issue, which might emerge as an hindrance is deficiency of trained skilled work force to present value add-ons. In decision it can be said that although several touristry theories have been put away by several bookmans to find the functions and activities, the features of tourers to hike the industry. There is a general deficiency of consciousness about these theories amidst the policy shapers. Tourism industry is still one of those industries, which is regulated by authorities disposal. There are broad assortments of conceptual and theoretical attacks to touristry, which have to be tested in world. This apart there is a farther demand for more field surveies and employment of professionals in carry oning the research, which will assist accomplish greater theoretical orientation and practical application. The touristry industry has been turning at a phenomenal rate for the last 50 twelvemonth particularly, after the Second World War. The recession has had an consequence on the industry, but the Numberss of tourers worldwide are anticipated to be doubled to one billion plus by the terminal of 2010. Keeping in melody with the altering times consumer demands will besides alter, more categorizations based on turning demands of tourers might emerge. What can be the cultural and societal impact of touristry development Research workers have identified a whole gamut of positive impacts of touristry development on societies. For illustration the direct results of touristry development would be the alteration of the internal construction of the community, increasing employment chances of the local occupants, societal alteration, economic richness, betterment of the quality of life through substructure development. Similarly the interaction between the host and tourer additions tolerance and communicating accomplishments etc. On the cultural side the humanistic disciplines, trades and civilization of the local country might be revived. Research workers have besides identified several cons like deployment of natural resources, increased force per unit area on bing substructure, commodification of civilization and its negative effects etc ( Beeton 2005a, p122 ) Therefore it can be seen in the essay how tourist behavioural demands, motives, actions straight and indirectly affect touristry development in a topographic point. Merely right sort of patterns would be able to give the necessary encouragement to this industry, which entirely will lend the largest ball in planetary trade. Understanding the demands and motives of the tourers will assist hike touristry industry manifolds. What is required is the right attack. Tourists ‘ behaviour research in touristry has to be based on motives, typologies, finish picks and the determination procedure. While this is good some bookmans criticize it as stereotyped and generalized which might non be the same in world. The spread between the theories and the world can be bridged through research and changeless survey of tourer behaviour.MentionsK Kamra 1997, â€Å" Tourism: Theory, Planning and Practice † , Second Edition-2008 Peter Mason, â€Å" Tourism Impacts, Planning and Management † ( Online book version ) , Second edition- 2008, Mason, P. & A ; Cheyne, J. ( 2000 ) . † Residents ‘ Attitudes to Proposed Tourism Development, Annals of Tourism Research. † Peter Mason, â€Å" Tourism Impacts, Planning and Management † Second Edition Abraham Pizam, Yoel Mansfeld, â€Å" Consumer behavior in travel and touristry † Softcover edition published 2000

Education and Empowerment

The myth of â€Å"education and empowerment† has affected public schools tremendously in a sense that everyone is being divided, mostly by class, which lowers the confidence of our students today. Yes, there are teachers who cater to students, stay after class, and provide them with one on one tutoring and even take time from their lunch to offer extra assistance in any subject. However, there are other public schools in which teachers do not take the initiative to listen and understand when their student says â€Å"I don’t get it†. No one ever takes the responsibility as to why students are failing; they only take credit for those who are succeeding, bringing in positive results, and on a path of attaining a promising future. Jean Anyon, John Taylor Gatto, and Michael Moore have all questioned the system of public education in there articles. As a result, American public schools are hurting their students’ chances of being competitive in a global economy because they are not aiming high enough, stripping students of â€Å"responsibility and independence† (pg 158), and cutting off important resources. Jean Anyon discussed the evaluation of five elementary schools and how their social class differed and affected their students. â€Å"Several weeks later, after a test, a group of her children ’still didn’t get it,’ and she made no attempts to explain the concept of dividing things into groups or to give them manipulables for their own investigation. Rather, she went over the steps with them again and told them that they ’needed more practice†Ã¢â‚¬â„¢ (pg 177). Besides learning how to add, subtract, multiply, and divide, math gives students the ability to rethink a situation, and look for other options. If teachers in these working-class schools are not taking the time to break down a simple division problem and give alternatives, how will their students be challenged or even advance to another grade level? Competition in this economy is widely based on how much money you have, what school you’re enrolled in, and who you know. If the majority of the students in this class were failing tests in an elite school, action would have been taken as soon as the teacher sensed a problem. The amount of money people pay to have their child enrolled in one of the best schools, better mean that their child is getting all the keenness from their teachers. This is why students struggle in this economy, because they are all categorized. So what if one student’s parents are making more than the other, because he/she can afford that school and the other cant. This should give American public schools an even better motivation to â€Å"leave no child behind†. â€Å"School has done a pretty good job of turning children into addicts, but has done a spectacular job of turning our children into children. Again, this is no accident. Theorists from Plato to Rousseau to our own Dr. Inglis knew that if children could be cloistered with other children, stripped of responsibility and independence, encouraged to develop only the trivializing emotions of greed, envy, jealousy, and fear, they would grow older but never truly grow up† (pg 158). If you are not teaching students to make good decisions or be responsible, they may never be able to do things without depending on their peers or family members. As if America wasn’t lazy already, Gatto talks about the easy ways out people have been taking advantage of, rather than working at it; such as getting divorces. Schools have not stressed the fact that working hard at something brings results. It’s life. You can’t just become something great without having to put effort and time, you have to set goals and aim high, break down your options, and take them, don’t let anyone do it for you. What happens when a large group of schools are opened without a principal? Michael Moore stated that â€Å"163 New York city schools opened the 2000- 2001 school year without a principal† (pg 140). The time it takes for students to step foot in class is the time it’s going to take for the school to fall apart. Schools will not have established systems or discipline without one. Who will teachers turn to, when something just isn’t right? Principals are the foundation of a school. Whether they are simply counseling a troubled student or revising a lesson plan with a teacher, they act as a resource. They are there to show support for the students and build relationships as they see them progress throughout the years. Acting as another resource for schools are public libraries and school libraries. Students are being deprived from the limited resources they can look to, to continue their education and obtain new informational skills. Kids who come from a lower class cannot always manage to afford books, or even one of the greatest inventions, a computer, hence, to cut off such a necessity would be like cutting off their education for the most part. Instead of everyone working with the students, everyone is simply working for themselves. People ask who is the blame for our failing students of today but do not realize, or better yet, take the responsibility and action to make a change in their schools. Children complain that boredom s the only thing they think of when they come to class, however teachers are not challenging or giving students the amount of responsibility they need. To succeed in this global economy you have to be independent and dominant so that you’re not categorized below your own standards. It is said that the majority of the students whose families have money, do better, education wise, because they can afford more prestigious schools; but if teachers and students were more motivated, co mmitted, and communicated, they too can achieve positive results and set themselves up for competition in this global economy. Without a doubt will students be able to go against other students from different countries who have been cramming every book into their brains as young children because they were told that the key to survive as a professional was knowledge, responsibility, independence, and discipline. However, the system that is being used in American public schools today continues to lower the only self esteem students have left today.

ITM501 MoD 3 SLP the internet as social media Essay

ITM501 MoD 3 SLP the internet as social media - Essay Example It is interesting to note that Twitter was never designed with the intention of being used as a social media website. It was primarily designed as an instant messaging communication platform with a client company. The company touts of having approximately 140 million active users as in 2012 and being the ninth/tenth â€Å"most visited† website (Bullas) (Webneel, 2013). Its initial success is attributed to the novelty of the platform which came as Ð ° breakthrough from others such as Facebook and Orkut. Over the period, Twitter has added features such as expandable tweets and Twitpics to enhance user experience. I found the Twitter platform relatively straightforward and simple. This is because of the company’s usage of features such as the Follow and Tweet buttons, search option and â€Å"embeddable Tweets† (Ellin, 2011, Twitter Developers, 2013). The feature of embeddable tweets is particularly useful as it allows users to convey a brief story through a â€Å" line of code† or keywords that can help others follow the story by searching for it anywhere on the web (Ellin, 2011). I was able to generate fair amount of political and general discussion regarding recent economic events in U.S by simply quoting the key words and getting connected with others to shared views on similar topics. Also, these short stories compare with Facebook’s status updates although the reference properties of the former make it easy to share the stories/updates. Twitter also offers tremendous support for bloggers including its own domain â€Å"Twitter Blogs† with RSS feeds support and easy integration of Twitter content onto blogs using the embeddable tweets. However, my use of embeddable tweets was still fairly simple considering that I am not a blogger and cannot possibly use it on platforms other than Twitter and Facebook. Furthermore, in order to counter its competitors including LinkedIn, Twitter has introduced â€Å"Twellow† which allows people to search for other people on Twitter via their expertise or occupations. I found this particularly useful for finding my colleagues and connecting with them on Twitter. It also allowed me to find old friends (with whom I hadn’t recently been in touch) and connect with them. Various categories including Recreation, Entertainment, Culture, Computers, Sports and Government are listed which allows users of similar taste to group themselves and share content (iEntry, 2013). This is a useful application of the famous phrase â€Å"birds of feather flock together†. However, the Twitter experience was a bit more complex than my experience with Facebook as it took a lot of time making sense of the features. At the very least, discovering how to actually tweet was complex as tags had to be used for creating the story. Furthermore, it was monotonous to merely tweet and not engage in other interactive content such as games. On the other hand, the ‘twit picâ₠¬â„¢ option compares with other platforms such as Instagram by offering the latest ‘trending’ pictures (Twitpic, Inc., 2013). I was able to view several personal life photographs of my favorite celebrities such as Kim Kardishan’s baby- North. With just one click, I was able to view all photographs uploaded by Kim Kardishan on her official twitter account along with the

Geographical scale Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Geographical scale - Essay Example With this definition, this paper then aims to look into how themes of geographical scale actually manifest itself in the organizing of one of the most popular coalition of workers in the United States, the Coalition of Immokalee Workers. Specifically, this paper would try to look into two specific examples wherein themes of geographical scales would be present, especially on the organizing, public information and policy campaigns actually done by the CIW. In addition, this paper would also try to briefly compare and contrast the experiences of the CIW with another group of workers described in Chapter 7 of Tanya Basok’s Book â€Å"Tortillas and Tomatoes: Transmigrant Mexican Harvesters in Canada.† By using two specific examples, this paper would try to identify common and differentiated themes of geographic and social aspects in the organizing of these two labor groups. Looking at the regional scale of the United States and Canada, it can be seen that historically, orga nizations of farm laborers have been relatively weak, as compared to other geographical spaces. ... These workers, who were struggling for higher wages and better working conditions, were actually the ones supplying tomatoes to one of the United State’s widest and most popular food chains, the Taco Bell (â€Å"Immokalee: from Slavery to Freedom†). One of the concrete manifestations of geographical scale made by the CIW is their organizing work among the workers itself, putting into the Florida map the formerly unknown Immokalee labor Center, which happened to be the largest agricultural labor center in the state of Florida (â€Å"Immokalee: from Slavery to Freedom†). In this illustration, the organizing of the workers themselves into a large coalition actually showed themes of geographical scale, reflecting the organizational reach that the CIW attained in organizing the workers in the tomato fields of southeastern Florida; making them known by conducting strikes and worker barricades in order to show their grievances. Before the organizing of the workers thems elves, the Immokalee was formerly absent in the map (â€Å"Immokalee: from Slavery to Freedom†), and by forming the CIW, elements of organizational reach, along with elements of political and socio-economic themes suddenly manifested itself. In this case, it is important to note the fact that within geographical spaces, there are actual scopes of conflict; and the outcome or solutions of such conflict may result into situations that may affect processes in other geographical scales (Schattschneider 1960). In addition, the CIW also identified the relationship of ethnic lines and exploitation within the agricultural industry, wherein they actually identified that at present, it is the Latino immigrant population that is under exploitation in tomato farms (â€Å"Immokalee: from Slavery to

Social Capital Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Social Capital - Research Paper Example A review of the additional literature, in addition to the source article, will provide collaborative details to provide support for the conclusion established. The case study by Chenhall, Hall, & Smith examined how elements of a management control system can either enhance or inhibit the bonding and bridging dimensions of social capital with potential consequences on both economic and cultural capital (2010, p.2). The study attempts to highlight and provide data to support the notion that management control systems can be contradictory as they relate to social capital. The concept of social capital is used to outline a distinctive approach to understanding the relationship between management control systems and the development of social connections in and between organizations (Chenhall, Hall, & Smith, 2010). The study additionally illustrates how formal belief systems and operational controls sustain strong interior relationships and also help to establish the case organization†™s standing with peripheral organizations vital to external bridging (Chenhall, Hall, & Smith, 2010). However, there are also several limitations to the relevancies demonstrated by the study. The study was based on a limited number of interviews rather than in-depth observational data (Chenhall, Hall, & Smith, 2010). Additionally, the study indicates that efforts to use â€Å"financial controls interactively† to deal with issues of cost awareness were not successful due to the fact that they were interpreted as â€Å"incompatible† with natural advancements and threatened to bond (Chenhall, Hall, & Smith, 2010, p.2). Literature Review Social capital can be measured in a variety of ways, although obtaining a "true", definitive measurement is not possible (What is, 2011). The most popular definitions of social capital are multidimensional and incorporate numerous aspects of analysis into a comprehensive framework (What is, 2011). Attempts to measure the properties of â €Å"inherently ambiguous concepts† such as "community", "network" and "organization" has caused problems in establishing the concept of social capital (What is, 2011). Although a few long-standing surveys have been designed to gauge "social capital", they have left researchers to assemble indexes from a range of items, like â€Å"measures of trust in government, voting trends, memberships in civic organizations, and hours spent volunteering† (What is, 2011). Researchers are attempting to compile new surveys that will give the concept of social capital a more definitive meaning. There are several examples of social capital, like civic organizations, community organizations, and scholastic communities that can significantly contribute to the overall organizational platform.

How race and ethnicy can impact when evaluating an individual Essay

How race and ethnicy can impact when evaluating an individual - Essay Example rican American, the experiences such people go through in their daily endeavors and how such experiences shape their behaviors, beliefs, and values before attempting to offer a corrective or curative measure whatever problem he is facing. The above process helps reduce cases by which a clinician’s personal biases may influence the client’s diagnosis. For instance, if the clinician dealing with Marvin’s was a woman and had ever gone through the experiences faced by Marvin’s wife with a Black American Husband, this would wrongly influence the clinician’s diagnosis of Marvin’s case if she does not adequately consider Marvin’s developmental history that includes the experiences at work that shaped some of his bad behaviors and pessimistic attitude. Clinicians face culturally diverse clients in their professional endeavors. All these clients have a right to accurate diagnosis and treatment plans. In order to achieve this, as a professional clinician, I will work hard to develop culturally competent skills, attitude, and knowledge that will help me correctly interpret the client’s cultural identity. However, I will also seek help from a cultural consultant to reduce chances of biases and misdiagnosis. Secondly, I will make a critical evaluation of my personal cultural identity, attitudes, and beliefs concerning ethnic minorities because it is a factor that will largely affect my relationship with my clients. Finally, I will always explore new strategies of getting information from clients because the traditional methods of interviewing clients may lack effectiveness and psychological tests may not be appropriate or adequate for some cases. Part of my new strategies may be to use an interpreter for a specific case that one is required; I may conduct family interviews; and make some modifications on the psychological tests to fit different

The history and development of television Essay

The history and development of television - Essay Example The word television was coined by a Russian scientist Constantin Perskyi in a paper he presented at the International Electricity Congress at the International World Fair in Paris on August 25, 1900. Even before that, Paul Gottlieb Nipkow, a German student, had patented the first television in 1884. It was a electromechanical device based on the photoconductivity of the element Selenium and Nipkow’s spinning disk with a series of holes of equal diameter drilled into it at equal distances. In the camera unit, as the disk spun in front of the object, each hole produced a scan line which was captured by a light detecting device behind it. The scan line was transmitted by radio wave to the reproducer or receiving unit. This basic television and other refinements that came after it were however restricted to transmission of still images and silhouettes. It was only on October 2, 1925 that the Scottish scientist John Logie Baird, who took the lead in development of the electromechan ical television, achieved live transmission of moving half-tone images in his laboratory. Baird’s endeavour took the electromechanical television through a continuous phase of technical development ranging from the first transatlantic transmission between London and New York by his company in 1928, the first transmission between shore to ship, demonstratin of the first electromechanical colour, infrared and stereoscopic television to the first live transmission, of the Epson Derby in 1931 and demonstration of the ultra short-wave television in 1932.

Do Multinational Corporations Exploit the Developing World Term Paper

Do Multinational Corporations Exploit the Developing World - Term Paper Example To most parts of the developing world, 'Capitalism' is a mantra that is probably one of the surest ways of achieving economic stability not just for the individual, but also for the country as a whole. "The essence of capitalist exchange is to proceed from money to money by way of commodity and end up with more money than one had at the outset." (Raymond Aron 1967). Does this sound quite lop-sided Well, to a person or a firm who has decided to bet his last dollar on making it big in a country that is not his own, there is every cause to make the most of what can be got? Over a period of time, one will be able to assess and evaluate the quantity and quality of the resources that are available in this new country. However one-sided the argument of a capitalist may seem to be, there is no doubt that expansion of any firm involves certain losses, the pinch of which is usually felt by the developing world. There is this constant rat-race for economic prosperity, marked by large-scale trad e-offs that are more often than not, worth the reward, over a period of time. To the capitalist, this is the essence of success, a tangible measure of progress. There is no doubt that Communism as an ism has all but disappeared from the present day world. In spite of this, there are remnants of this ideology which are very powerful in many parts of the world even today. When one talks about the rights of the worker or the son of the soil for that matter, there is this overriding imperative to take care of his needs before all developmental issues are even thought of. There is always the fear that the advent of multinational corporations would first exploit workers and then alienate them in their own homelands. A fear that has taken root in many parts of the world today, sparking off protests against the entry of multinational firms into a country. As opposed to indigenous firms that are aimed at taking care of the land and labor without exploiting any resource, socialists believe that the entry of multinationals will spell the beginning of the end as far as economic independence is concerned.  

Social problem - elder care Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Social problem - elder care - Essay Example re services to their elderly parents, may hope not to find themselves facing such care needs, and may not face a legal requirement that they do so or face a requirement that is not enforced. The children may not, in fact, ever face such needs because some percentage of the elderly reaches the end of life without developing personal-care needs. The need to care for a child is in nearly all cases a temporary situation, followed by a transition a lengthy and gradual transition, to be sure - to the capacity for self-care associated with independent living as an adult. However, the transition into disability during old age may occur gradually or rapidly, and is likely to signal the onset of an irreversible state of dependency, one that will end only in death. Thus, for several reasons elder care merits, and receives, special attention. Yet, elder care and other major types of care work, such as caring for young children, share many common elements: much of the care is provided in private households and is done so "informally" by family members; the care entails heavy use of time inputs; care is provided more often by women than by men; the care effort imposes costs in many intangible domains upon those who do it; and, the caring produces benefits for society at large. Both the costs and the benefits are hard to quantify, in principle and in practice. (Arno, P., Levine, C., and Memmnott, M, 1999) Although different countries exhibit considerable variation in the types and generosity of publicly funded programs with which to meet the care needs of older people, the family remains "everywhere the most important provider† of such care. There is a voluminous research literature concerned with the nature, extent, components, and consequences of informal care provided to disabled elders. Much of that work is based on small, local-area samples, but in recent years a number of national-level data sources have become available with which to study elder care. One of the most

Technology and modern enterprise Essay Example for Free

Technology and modern enterprise Essay Today billions in advertising dollars flee old media and are pouring into digital efforts, and this shift is reshaping industries and redefining skills needed to reach today’s consumers. Firms are harnessing social media for new product ideas and for millions in sales. Many of the world’s most successful technology firms—organizations that have had tremendous impact on consumers and businesses across industries—were created by young people. Today, tech knowledge can be a key differentiator for the job seeker. It’s the worker without tech skills that needs to be concerned. The aspiring investment banker who doesn’t understand the role of technology in firms and industries can’t possibly provide an accurate guess at how much a company is worth. Lecture 2 Chapter 2-4 Strategy and technology, case of Zara and Netflix Sustainable competitive advantage: financial performance that consistently outperforms their industry peers. According to Porter, the reason so many firms suffer aggressive, margin-eroding competition is because they’ve defined themselves according to operational effectiveness rather than strategic positioning. Operational effectiveness refers to performing the same tasks better than rivals perform them. Everyone wants to be better, but the danger in operational effectiveness is â€Å"sameness.† The fast follower problem exists when savvy rivals watch a pioneer’s efforts, learn from their successes and missteps, then enter the market quickly with a comparable or superior product at a lower cost. Operational effectiveness is critical. Firms must invest in techniques to improve quality, lower cost, and design efficient customer experiences. But for the most part, these efforts can be matched. Because of this, operational effectiveness is usually not sufficient enough to yield sustainable dominance over the competition. In contrast to operational effectiveness, strategic positioning refers to performing different activities from those of rivals, or the same activities in a different way. Technology itself is often very easy to replicate, and those assuming advantage lies in technology alone may find themselves in a profit-eroding arms race with rivals able to match their moves step by step. But while technology can be copied, technology can also play a critical role in creating and strengthening strategic differences—advantages that rivals will struggle to match. Higher inventory turns mean the firm is selling product faster, so it collects money quicker than its rivals do. Resource based view of competitive advantage can help: if a firm is to maintain sustainable competitive advantage, it must control a set of exploitable resources that have four critical characteristics. These resources must be (1) valuable, (2) rare, (3) imperfectly imitable (tough to imitate), and (4) non-substitutable. Dense wave division multiplexing (DWDM) enabled existing fiber to carry more transmissions than ever before. The end result—these new assets weren’t rare and each day they seemed to be less valuable. Firms that craft an imitation-resistant value chain have developed a way of doing business that others will struggle to replicate, and in nearly every successful effort of this kind, technology plays a key enabling role. Sources of switching costs: learning costs, information and data, financial commitment, contractual commitments, search costs, loyalty programs. In order to win customers from an established incumbent, a late-entering rival must offer a product or service that not only exceeds the value offered by the incumbent but also exceeds the incumbent’s value and any customer switching costs. Commodities are products or services that are nearly identically offered from multiple vendors. Consumers buying commodities are highly price-focused since they have so many similar choices. In order to break the commodity trap, many firms leverage technology to differentiate their goods and services. Data is not only a switching cost, it also plays a critical role in differentiation. Network effects (sometimes called network externalities or Metcalfe’s Law) exist when a product or service becomes more valuable as more people use it. Switching costs also play a role in determining the strength of network effects. Tech user investments often go far beyond simply the cost of acquiring a technology. Nothing lasts forever, and shifting technologies and market conditions can render once strong assets as obsolete. It doesn’t matter if it’s easy for new firms to enter a market if these newcomers can’t create and leverage the assets needed to challenge incumbents. Beware of those who say, â€Å"IT doesn’t matter† or refer to the â€Å"myth† of the first mover. This thinking is overly simplistic. It’s not a time or technology lead that provides sustainable competitive advantage; it’s what a firm does with its time and technology lead. If a firm can use a time and technology lead to create valuable assets that others cannot match, it may be able to sustain its advantage. But if the work done in this time and technology lead can be easily matched, then no advantage can be achieved, and a firm may be threatened by new entrants. Industry competition and attractiveness can be described by considering the following five forces: (1) the intensity of rivalry among existing competitors, (2) the potential for new entrants to challenge incumbents, (3) the threat posed by substitute products or services, (4) the power of buyers, and (5) the power of suppliers.

Effect of Increased Levels of Car Ownership

Effect of Increased Levels of Car Ownership Thomas Wust Increased levels of car ownership – is it driving places to the point of no return? In the past century, the car has become an everyday essential item for increasing numbers of people globally. There are 5 people in my house and we own one car. It has a diesel engine, and it is used for the school run every Monday to Friday. My dad then takes the car to Wolverhampton to work. He uses more fuel travelling 6 miles in the town to drop me and my brothers off at our schools and my mum at work, than he does travelling 22 miles on the motorway to go to work. The journey time isn’t much different either. Map 1: Car Ownership Levels7 KEY 601+ 501-600 301-500 151-300 101-150 61-100 41-60 21-40 11-20 The map shows that in most MEDC’s, there are over 301 cars per capita, whereas in LEDC’s, there are considerably less (mostly Map2 (below) from Worldmapper8 shows car ownership levels from a different perspective. ‘Larger than life’ areas e.g. North America, Japan and the UK have high levels, whereas ‘shrunken’ areas have fewer, hence why Africa and parts of Asia are visually smaller than Europe and America. This may be a necessity in some areas eg remote rural areas where public transport links are limited (Cumbria, UK) or a luxury in others, where public transport networks are seamless eg Germany. Map 2: Car Ownership – a different view! Over time, cars have become increasingly common place but can the existing roads and related infrastructure cope with the extreme increase of car ownership? Will the extent of road coverage become over-run in the future? Is it indeed driving places to the point of no return? The number of cars available in the UK (known as the car parc) has risen from 17 million in 1971, to 31 million in 2007 according to the RAC. That’s almost doubled in 36 years (average annual increase of 3%). Car Ownership on the increase – what are the causes? What are the effects of increased car ownership? The effects of car ownership are beneficial for some, but not for others. Socially, the car is an easy commute, and is accessible to all, regardless to age or height (persons under 17 in the UK cannot drive, however they can be passengers). There are impacts in regard to health, because CO2 emissions in UK cities are too high according to EU rules, meaning potential impacts for those with breathing related ailments. Economically, the effects are positive because it creates transport related employment; generates income from fuel duty and road tax, which help the UK government to provide a safer driving environment. However, there is a negative effect economically. When a vehicle collides with another, or crashes into property, insurance companies pay for the damage, which costs them a lot of money. Environmentally, there are only downsides to car ownership; the largest being the emissions released from a cars’ exhaust, and because car ownership is increasing, the problem will only develop and cause more problems, unless car designs improve. Noise pollution is an additional problem. Toll roads also cause environment problems. This is because many are built over green-field land (land not built on) and they are used by a small amount of people in the UK, therefore not only is it bad for the environment, but it’s also a waste of money and land. According to a campaigner for better transport in the UK, the M6 toll has no net benefit for drivers whilst causing huge and irreversible environmental damage.11 The M6 Toll carries 55,000 vehicles per day12, out of the 2  ½ million vehicles in the West Midlands. That’s 0.022% of vehicles in the West Midlands per day – that arguably makes it an expensive race track. Also, oil consumption becomes a problem, especially with the car ownership rates increasing in China: â€Å"We project that the total vehicle stock will increase from about 800 million in 2002 to over 2 billion units in 2030. In particular, China’s vehicle stock will increase nearly twenty-fold, to 390 million in 2030. This fast speed of vehicle ownership expansion implies rapid growth in oil demand.†13 Oil is a non renewable fossil fuel. We have gone beyond ‘peak oil’ and will need to find alternatives, potentially this will help the environment. This could be rectified by manufacturing car that use biofuels made of organic matter and other materials, and electric cars. Again, public transport falls into this category, however, in the UK especially, we need to work on the reputation of public transport in terms of cost, friendliness of employees and late arrivals. Globally, car ownership is increasing; however different countries are increasing at different rates. Map 3 (p6) shows how many cars the country had per 1000 people in 2010. The map shows that the U.S. has the highest amount of cars to 1000 people and Kenya have the lowest with 24 cars to 1000 people. What I find very surprising from this data is how low China’s and India’s cars per capita is, however I believe this is a good move by China and India from an environmental perspective because of their flourishing economy and workforce, they already emit high levels of carbon dioxide emissions in the world. Having a lower car ownership rate than other countries per 1000 people assists in bringing the amount of carbon emissions down. In addition to this, China is a NIC (newly industrialised country), and so is India, so they may not be able to command such a large car ownership per capita. Because this data is 4 years old, the numbers would have changed. My prediction in 2014 is that the NIC’s (See table below) would have increased car ownership per capita, as their countries are developing and transport is much needed. MEDC’s are trying to reduce the amount of cars on the road due to climate change targets needing to be met, especially the case in the EU. LEDC’s would have stayed the same or increased if more cars are bought or as they begin to become a developing country. MEDC Country Cars per Capita NIC Country Cars per Capita LEDC Country Cars/capita U.S. 797 Japan 591 South Africa 165 Australia 717 Russia 293 Kenya 24 New Zealand 713 Brazil 249 Canada 607 China 83 U.K. 519 India 18 In comparison to MEDC’s and LEDC’s, it is clear that MEDC’s have a higher number of cars per capita than LEDC’s. The main causes of car levels rising is a population increase. With 7 billion people on the planet now, people want an easy method of transport and the car is the obvious solution for most. If the world’s population carries on increasing at the predicted rate of 1 billion people every approximately 12 years in the world, the effects of increased car ownership could be increased congestion, more grid lock, and an unhealthy effect of the Earth’s climate. What if we †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. increase the price of cars when the customer already has 2 cars to their household. This could discourage customers from purchasing extra cars and will result in fewer cars on the roads. In addition, fewer cars mean less repairs and refurnishing on the roads, making less congestion and traffic jams. This will also decrease the risk of collision if there are fewer cars. Increase road taxes. Although this will be extremely unpopular with motorists, it will mean they have less disposable income to spend on additional cars. Furthermore, the extra money is going to the government, and they put the money back in to making driving safer by placing safety cameras. enforce a law which limits a household to 2 cars. This will be effective because it prevents excessive car ownership and will aid in the sustainability of road structures because there will be fewer cars to damage the road. The knock on effect here is reduced employment in the car industry. build additional roads on unused land. Although this is definitely not environmentally friendly, it will mean that vehicles have more roads to use. This will assist in making less grid locks and less congestion. This scenario isn’t fully sustainable because car ownership is always rising (if predicted rate happens), and eventually those roads will be used up too. Create more public transport capacity. Even though a household may own 3 cars, they will be used less if we tempt them onto the bus or train. The solution is great if you live in an urban area where these services are available; however this may not be a viable solution to people living in a rural area where a bus service or train station isn’t available. Develop more cycle routes and pedestrian pathways to encourage people to walk to their destination or cycle there. Not only will this help with the congestion and grid lock problem, it is also helping the environment because fewer emissions from cars will be released into the atmosphere. This also helps with the UK obesity issue too. If we look to Germany and Switzerland, their public transport systems are developed and provide an excellent service, as I can say because of personal experiences and comparisons between the UK’s. However it seems that the UK are taking steps forward in improving public transport, as the government have confirmed a  £2.7bn deal to build new ‘state of the art’ trains between London and Scotland. UK Transport Secretary Patrick McLoughlin said: â€Å"These new trains will transform rail travel between many of the great towns and cities of England and Scotland. This deal is further proof that our long-term economic plans are on track, creating jobs and breathing new life into the UK’s train-building industry.† In conclusion, I feel that we need to tempt drivers from their cars and convince them to use public transport or cycle and walk as an alternative. Walking brings health benefits to the individual and in terms of reduced emissions. Car ownership is driving us to the point of no return, we cannot escape that fact, however with careful direction and thought we could ‘turn the corner’ and become more sustainable. As a result of my research, when I am older and able to drive, I will try to only own one car, two only if it absolutely necessary. This is to help the levels of car ownership stay the same or decrease in my area, helping my and others’ health. Ideally I will live close to work, cutting commuting time and improving the chance of viable public transport use. Bibliography/Sources FOR INDEPENDENT REPORT 2 – TRANSPORT http://www.racfoundation.org/assets/rac_foundation/content/downloadables/car%20ownership%20in%20great%20britain%20-%20leibling%20-%20171008%20-%20report.pdf www.potholes.co.uk http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_countries_by_vehicles_per_capita www.outline-world-map.com http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/business-20442666 http://www.volkswagen.co.uk/?gclid=CNf3ysa3t7wCFQQGwwod6hMAxg http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:World_vehicles_per_capita.svg http://www.worldmapper.org/display.php?selected=31 http://www.gapminder.org/world/#$majorMode=chart$is;shi=t;ly=2003;lb=f;il=t;fs=11;al=30;stl=t;st=t;nsl=t;se=t$wst;tts=C$ts;sp=5.59290322580644;ti=2007$zpv;v=0$inc_x;mmid=XCOORDS;iid=phAwcNAVuyj1jiMAkmq1iMg;by=ind$inc_y;mmid=YCOORDS;iid=tu0H0unnUriNvMXwH_qOqzw;by=ind$inc_s;uniValue=8.21;iid=phAwcNAVuyj0XOoBL_n5tAQ;by=ind$inc_c;uniValue=255;gid=CATID0;by=grp$map_x;scale=log;dataMin=194;dataMax=96846$map_y;scale=lin;dataMin=0.2955;dataMax=1214$map_s;sma=50;smi=2$cd;bd=0$inds= https://www.ipcc.ch/publications_and_data/ar4/wg3/en/fig/figure-5-2.jpeg http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-england-25221134 http://www.publications.parliament.uk/pa/cm200405/cmselect/cmtran/218/218we19.htm http://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/download?rep=rep1type=pdfdoi=10.1.1.168.3895 https://www.gov.uk/government/organisations/department-for-transport http://people.virginia.edu/~yo3t/wp/cars.pdf http://sustainablecitiescollective.com/pratik-dave/225581/investments-made-under-national-urban-renewal-mission-india-did-it-help-reduce-ve

The Assembly Line & Henry Ford :: essays research papers fc

Ford's Assembly Line Assembly Line The assembly line has changed the world as drastically as it has been changed by the world since it began. It brought people together to work as a group toward all achieving the same goal. Henry Ford was only aiming to bring cars into the homes of the average citizen when he made the most significant to the assembly line since its inventor, Eli Whitney. Henry Ford not only achieved this goal, but his legacy is still carried on today. Assembly lines of cars as well as many other househo appliances have helped shape the twenty-first century. The assembly line has brought together many workers together to work only on their specific part of a car, therefore building them much faster. This is done using many separate steps. First, the parts of the car are made, and the frame is placed on a conveyor belt. Workers are stationed along the belt to form an assembly line. As the conveyor belt moves the car, each worker performs a task that they are specialized in. Each worker must perform their task quickly and precisely, because f one worker stops, the entire line will have to either slow down or stop completely to wait. The modern assembly line as we know it would not exist without the contributions of Henry Ford. Ford was born in 1863. In 1903, at the age of forty, he founded Ford Motor Company. He Mooney 2 began the use of the car assembly line that is now commonplace by using it to build the famed model-T in 1908. When Ford began putting the mass-produced cars on the market, they could offer their cars for so much less than their competition that the co etition had to upgrade the features of their cars drastically just to compete. Eventually, other car companies also began to use assembly lines. Ford began to falter and was passed in sales by Oldsmobile in 1927. Ford had to come up with a new sales pitch in time to avert disaster. Later that same year, Ford began rolling the model-A off of their assembly lines. The automobile age had begun, and there was a car parked in front of almost every home in the post-depression United States. In conclusion, the automobile assembly line helped launch the US into the twentieth century. The assembly line has made a profound impact on not only the United States, but on the entire world. It has brought not only cars, but electric appliances and many other products into the homes of people who otherwise could never have afforded them. The operation of the assembly line has also been changed profoundly by

Comparing Evil, Abuse and Escape in Oliver Twist and Great Expectations :: comparison compare contrast essays

  In Oliver Twist and Great Expectations by Charles Dickens, both main characters refuse to except the poor hand the world has dealt them.   Pip and Oliver reach a great epiphany in regards to social injustice, and in turn rebel against the system that oppresses them.   They are tired of being mistreated and neglected, and therefore decide to make a stand.   Charles Dickens exhibits through Oliver and Pip that the revolt of the weak against the strong results from the oppression of the poor.   As a result of their revolt against the system, Pip and Oliver are ostracized for their non-conformist ideals.   Thus change in an oppressing and conformist society can only be achieved through change in moral, social, and political instincts.      Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   In both novels the main character faces abuse and neglect which result in rebellion and distancing of them from the society which chooses to hold them down.  Ã‚   In Oliver Twist, Oliver receives a great amount of abuse through the orphanage.   While suffering from starvation and malnutrition for a long period of time, Oliver is chosen by the other boys at the orphanage to request more gruel at dinner.   After making this simple request, â€Å"the master aimed a blow at Oliver’s head with a ladle; pinioned him in his arms; and shrieked aloud for the beadle† (Oliver Twist 16).   This pain and neglect caused a change in Oliver.   He realized that he must rebel against the society that wishes to oppress him, in order to truly start living.   In Great Expectations, Pip receives a great deal of abuse at the hands of his sister, Mrs. Joe Gargery.   On one occasion â€Å"I soon found myself getting heavily bumped from be hind in the nape of the neck and the small of the back, and having my face ignominiously shoved against the wall, because I did not answer those questions at sufficient length† (Great Expectations 12).   This anguish inflicted by the hands of his sister resulted in Pip distancing himself from any ties with his family.   Thus his independence grew as a direct result of the abuse he had faced.      Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   In both novels the main characters have to escape from harsh living conditions and evil surroundings which in turn forces them to grow as individuals, and become independent from a conformist society.   Oliver finds himself residing in an orphanage that is dark and sordid.   As well he finds himself in London’s lowest slums, such as the pickpockets hideout, the surrounding streets, and the bars, which are all described as dark, gloomy, and bland.

Refutation: The Story of Bigger Thomas ( Native Son ) :: essays research papers

  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  In Darryl Pinckney’s discerning critical essay, â€Å"Richard Wright: The Unnatural History of a Native Son,† Pinckney states that all of Wright’s books contain the themes of violence, inhumanity, rage, and fear. Wright writes about these themes because he expresses, in his books, his convictions about his own struggles with racial oppression, the â€Å"brutal realities of his early life.† Pinckney claims that Wright’s works are unique for Wright’s works did not attempt to incite whites to acknowledge blacks. Wright does not write to preach that blacks are equal to whites. The characters in Wright’s works, including Bigger Thomas from Native Son, are not all pure in heart; the characters have psychological burdens and act upon their burdens. For instance, Bigger Thomas, long under racial oppression, accidentally suffocates Mary Dalton in her room for fear that he will be discriminated against and charged with the r ape of Mary Dalton. Also, according to Pinckney, although the characters of Wright’s books are under these psychological burdens, they always have â€Å"futile hopes [and] desires.† At the end of Native Son, Bigger is enlightened by the way his lawyer Max treats him, with the respect of a human being. Bigger then desires nothing but to live, but he has been sentenced to death. Although Pinckney expresses many strong points in his critical essay, he also reveals weak points. For example, Pinckney mentions that Wright is neither a black leader such as Malcolm X nor a writer with any strong background in American literature, yet Pinckney implicitly states that Wright is a great writer and that one must analyze his past to understand how he is a great writer. In that perspective, he also commends Wright’s book, Native Son. He states: Native Son is unmatched in its power†¦It is not true as Baldwin claims that Bigger Thomas, the doomed, frustrated black boy, is just another stereotype†¦extreme in his wish to injure himself and do injury to others†¦ Pinckney praises Native Son as a powerful intellectual book that deals with issues of racism and oppression. He says explicitly that it is the most powerful book, but it is unclear what domain of books Pinckney is comparing Native Son with. Pinckney refutes James Baldwin’s statement about Native Son, saying that Bigger Thomas is not a mere stereotype, but an example of a stressed black boy of the racially segregated American society during the 1930s. It is true that Bigger Thomas is a victim of a racially segregated society.

Curfew Laws: Helpful or Harmful? Essay

Curfew laws are being carefully examined right now. Some adults believe that they are necessary and that they help curb adolescent crime. Others believe that they violate rights and don’t really solve the problem at all. To look at this issue more closely, there are two articles, one in support of curfew laws, and one against it. The first article is by David Knight, who is in support of curfew laws. There are strengths to his article. First of all, he is a police officer who has seen teen crime firsthand. He is also a parent, so he knows that kids may tell their parents one thing (i. e. â€Å"I’m going to Johnny’s house†) but really do another, intentionally or unintentionally. Knight is convinced that at night, teens can get into trouble because fewer people are watching them. Also, he says that teens who are out at night are likely behaving in ways that are disruptive, like violating noise ordinances and drinking underage. Knight points out that no one, regardless of their age, has the right to disrupt others and be publicly annoying. These are all good points. However, Knight fails to point out what effect, exactly, curfews have had on the juvenile crime rates. He also ignores other possibilities in combating juvenile crime, such as counseling or afterschool programs, or the parent’s role. While it is true, as Knight says, that some kids will lie to their parents, it is insulting and ridiculous to assume that all kids will lie to their parents. Knight glosses over this idea, and one has to wonder how much he trusts his own kids. The second article is by Colin Miller, who opposes curfew laws. The strengths are the statistics he cites – that most juvenile crime occurs between the hours of 3 pm and 11 pm, with most occurring before 8 pm. He also states that afterschool programs have been shown to be far more effective in combating crime than curfews. Finally, curfews have cost cities a lot of money in increased police costs, money that Miller says could be used to fund afterschool programs and other ways to combat juvenile crime more effectively. Miller also says that curfews take away the parents’ rights, while making them more responsible for their teens’ behavior. The weaknesses of his article are that he doesn’t talk much about the actual effects of curfews on teens in the towns, he just says they are â€Å"ineffective. † He also doesn’t look at the law enforcement’s point of view much. I agree with Miller. Miller makes many more reasonable arguments than does Knight. Knight assumes that all kids are inherently bad, and that the only thing they would be doing on the streets is getting into trouble. While it’s easy to see how Knight would feel this way – he is a cop who deals primarily with teens in trouble – it is a false and troubling assumption about teens. Knight’s statement that all teens lie to their parents and that parents can’t control their kids without the law’s help is also ridiculous. This supposes no trust or respect between parents and kids, and many parents have raised their kids better than this. Miller recognizes that kids are often inherently good, and that those that aren’t are going to get in trouble just as much (and more) during the day as at night. Research has shown, as Miller states, that it is in the afterschool hours (when parents are still at work and kids are unsupervised) that kids are more likely to get in trouble, if they are going to get in trouble at all. What’s more, Miller is correct in saying that teens need the freedom to make choices if they are to learn to make good ones. Teens are nearly grown up, and if they can’t even choose to come home early (or to go to a good evening event, possibly at a friend’s house or at church), then how are they going to be entirely responsible for themselves in a year or two? Teens should be given more freedom as they grow up, not less. Finally, instead of punishing all teens who are out late at night, cops and the rest of society should worry about helping the teens who are in trouble, those who have already been in the system for doing something they shouldn’t. These teens need help, they need supervision, they need people to care about them and provide them with alternative activities. In general, money is much better spent on real crime prevention than punishing the innocent.

Ban the bags before its too late Essay

BAN THE BAG BEFORE ITS TOO LATE† is an article that was published in the Daily Chronicle on the 27th of May 2008. The article stresses the negative impact that plastic bags are having on the Australian Environment and that the Government needs to make an immediate change. The article is targeted towards the general public, particularly those who have an interest in the environment, animals and battling pollution. The heading of the article is in large, bold and in capital letters. This grabs the reader’s attention and before they have read through the article feel that the information they are about to read will be important. The words â€Å"before it’s too late† gives the reader a sense of urgency to read on and leaves them feeling that the topic may have an effect on their lives and makes them more susceptible to information provided. In an attempt to appeal to the reader’s sense of safety and health the writer mentions that this pollution is â€Å"clogging our landfills to the tune of 20,700 tonnes a year. Due to these confronting statistics fear is stuck into the reader and encourages them to agree with writer making the article more influential. Read more:  Heavy School Bags The statistics that the writer provides may manipulate readers into feeling as though the writer is superior. The knowledge that the writer is presenting in their expertise could then potentially intimidate and make the reader respect the writer. To enhance the emotional responses and have the audience in total agreement the writer also uses the expert opinion of the Chairman of Clean up Australia Ian Kiernan. According to the article, Kiernan stated a, along the lines of; â€Å"only a total ban on plastic bags would be effective in reducing the numbers being discarded and causing environmental damage. â€Å"Being exposed to the words of someone who had a lot of understanding on the subject makes it even harder to deny the message of the article. In conclusion the authors use of statistics, expert opinion and emotive language the writer persuades the reader into banning plastic bags and that it is the correct path to take in order to preserve our environment and to ban plastic bags.

Crime And Victimization

She tastes that all individuals in a community have the potential of turning to crime in cases where destructive social relationships are upheld. The theory emphasizes that the socio-psychology interaction with various institutions is a renowned contributing factor to crime. It is evident that offenders turn to crime because of peer pressure and other legal involvements that tend to advocate for the criminal behaviors. This emphasizes on the point that any individual can be a criminal. Currently, there are diverse cases that describe of incidents where the youths have indulged in violence and crime and the effect it has on their families.A research conducted on the issues states that there is a connection of the childhood involvements that the individuals have and their behaviors. In most cases children exposed to domestic violence have been described as the most vulnerable to the situation and they portray poor social interactions and uncouth behaviors (Curran and Reinvent, 2001). I t is evident that if individual's criminal aspects are encouraged from their close relatives, they rarely make the right decisions and this usually results to crime.In this case, children are supposed to be taught on how to behave and the issues that are acceptable in the community since they learn most from what they see. The theory emphasizes that no individual is born with the attributes of a criminal, instead they are influenced to commit crime by the people they grow looking up to (Dressier, 2002). 2. Discuss one (1 ) real-life scenario involving criminal activity, identifying the federal, state, and / or local agency (sees) with jurisdiction. Explain why the agency (sees) that took the case was the appropriate one for the particular circumstances.Late last year, Claire Davis, a 1 7-year old student was shot and killed by Karl Pierson at Arapaho High School in Colorado. Karl was said to have been on a revenge mission against a librarian who he did not find and decided to turn h is anger towards his schoolmates (Arapaho High School shooting victim dies CNN. Com). He fired randomly in the hallways with his pump action shot gun which he later used to kill himself. The state police were the first to arrive and were fully in charge of the investigations from the beginning.This case was zestfully handled by the state police since violent and gun crimes fall under their jurisdiction. 3. Describe a recent incidence of crime that occurred within your community. Suggest how implementing at least one (1 ) of the changes that SST. Evans had discussed and another change of your recommendation would have changed the circumstances of the crime that you selected. Recently in my neighborhood, an elderly woman was ambushed by three young men and robbed of cash and personal belongings at knife point. She had come from doing her grocery shopping at the local store which is open till ate.She was attacked as she was walking to her car in the dimly lit car park which is in a sec luded place away from other businesses. This is one of the incidents that have been reported to have occurred around the area and many individuals have turned out to avoid the local stores. However, the local store is usually opened till late hours and it is convenient for many shoppers since the surrounding stores usually close earlier. This has contributed to the place being an easy attack spot for the thugs who are usually heavily harmed.The region is secluded making it hard for shoppers to get help even after raising alarm. There are minimal occupants around the homes surrounding the local store and the street lights along the store have been broken. The local store car park is also dimly lit and this has made it easier for the thugs to target and attack the shoppers. According to SST. Evans, he recommends that individuals should avoid going to the shopping center alone. This will minimize the chances of the shoppers being attacked by the thugs. It is important that individuals consider their safety and visit the stores early. Crime And Victimization These individuals take the time to think out a plan for the rime from start to finish and consider only an easy self-centered profit motive. There is no regard or consideration for victims or their respective feelings. (Siegel/ World, 2013). The most serious crime that can result from this thought process is capital murder. Consider the recent real-life crime scenario involving the death of William Rounder, â€Å"Bill† Deviate, 55, and the visualization of his wife outside Marvin United Methodist Church, Columbia County, Georgia.Daniel Nelson Robinson, a Florida man committed these heinous crimes for the purpose of obtaining monetary gains in the form of cash. Additionally he appeared in need of a vehicle to leave the area to travel to his home area of Jacksonville, Florida. The grand jury charged Robinson age 21, with felony murder, armed robbery, motor vehicle theft, possession of a firearm during the commission of a crime. The District Attorney of Columbia County, Georgia, Ashley Wright is seeking the death penalty for Daniel Nelson Robinson.Robinsons felony criminal behavior reflects Rational Choice Theory because Robinson was seeking expediency in his criminal behavior to obtain easy cash and immediate escape in Davit's SUB toward Jacksonville, Florida, ( Rowel, 2014). Many Criminologists would argue that Robinson is a psychopath because of the recurring theme of his criminal behavior. He was on parole. This criminal offender demonstrated total disregard toward human life and lacking a moral arm since this also occurred on Church property.Psychodrama Theory suggests that his psychopathology' reflects a lack of conscience and disregard toward helpless females since he did assault Davit's spouse. It would appear that Robinson was a delinquent, (records sealed,) and was placed on parole after a life Of youthful criminal behavior if not delinquent behavior. Another example of a criminal visualization is the national and sensational criminal case of the serial killer from the State of Indiana, Adrian Eden Van.This week Van pleaded not guilty though he confessed earlier to investigators killing prostitutes and disposing their lifeless bodies in abandon, run down houses in Gary, Indiana. Reportedly he admitted to the brutal murders of seven women. Many more women may have been sealed by Van. He is a former Marine who has a history of sexual assaults, victimizing women in the State of Texas and the State of Indiana. Investigators suspect many other jurisdictions ND municipalities are looking into their unsolved murder cases. Complex as these serial sexual homicides appear, investigations are at this time incomplete.State Police in Indiana and the Texas Rangers are sharing forensic data and trace evidence. In addition due to Van's comments about visiting the dead bodies of the women who were abandon in unoccupied houses, Federal Investigators are directing resources to assist local, county and State law enforcement to complete what wil l be an extremely lengthy and exhaustive criminal investigation. Adrian Eden Van was married sixteen years and had a biological son, (NBC News, 2014). Both spouse and son were never victimized by Van's penchant for violent, sadistic sexual behavior.Law enforcement officials from various jurisdictions are attempting to piece together Van's elusive past and apparent psychopathology history of disdain toward women, especially prostitutes and the disadvantaged. Perhaps no other case of extreme visualization in recent years parallels that of the brutal assault and battery of a young couple on the River Front, at Augusta, Georgia. The beatings were so severe that Kevin D. Richardson was charged with two counts of attempted murder. Robbery Moses, 21 and Kevin D. Richardson attacked two young people sitting on a bench on the River Walk near Fort Discovery, Augusta, Georgia.Richardson uses a metal baseball bat. Moss, his accomplice assisted without provocation. Both defendants, although sepa rated after the cruel behavior of visualization, were caught. Moss was apprehended in Newbury, SC. Richardson caught much later and appeared to have a criminal history. Richardson was reportedly involved in another assault in Downtown August the previous evening. The beating was so severe that Wesley Spires requires months of hospitalizing. He received broken hand and facial fractures requiring reconstructive surgery.Local business provided a ten thousand dollars reward for information and for the apprehension of these criminal suspects. River Walk Augusta at the Fort Discovery landing is a rather secluded poorly lit area on a sparsely travel or visited walkway on the Savannah River during evening hours. Police patrols are more recurring at the upper area on the River Front. Sergeant Evans' noted Problem Oriented Policing attempts to react proactively. Considering this brutal criminal behavior, proper lighting and cameras may have been an effective deterrent.Strategic location of ca meras along the River Front Augusta, Georgia, advertising camera locations and monitoring devices, as well as signage indicating routine police patrols may have abated, if not eliminated this criminal element, and social deviates from downtown Augusta, Georgia. This senseless criminal act of assault and battery with intent to cause serious injury indicates that criminals are impulsive and adept at finding opportunity preying on weak and at times the infirm. Curfews or area closings would be entirely appropriate within this area on the River Front t the Savannah Rivers edge.

Assignment: Economics Essay

1. Economists in Funlandia, a closed economy, have collected the following information about the economy for a particular year: Economists also estimate that the investment function is:  where r is the country’s real interest rate, expressed as a percentage. Calculate private saving, public saving, national saving, investment, and the equilibrium interest rate. Please note: national savings is not related to the interest rate, which means that the supply curve for loanable funds is vertical. (15 points) Private Savings= Y-T-C 10000-1500-6000= 2500 Public Saving= T-G 1500-1700= -200 National Saving= S=(Y-T-C)+(T-G)=(10000-1500-6000)+(1500-1700)= 2300 Investing= I=Y-C-G 10000-6000-1700= 2300 Real interest rate I = 3,300-100r , 100r = 3,300-I 100r = 3,300-2300 ( I=2300) 100r = 1000 100r/100 = 1000/100 (dividing it by 100) r = 10 2. In the summer of 2010, Congress passed a far-reaching financial reform to prevent another financial crisis like the one experienced in 2008-2009. Consider the following possibilities: a. Suppose that, by requiring firms to comply with strict regulations, the bill increases the costs of investment. On a well-labeled graph, show the consequences of the bill on the market for loanable funds. Be sure to specify changes in the equilibrium interest rate and the level of saving and investment. What are the effects of the bill on long-run economic growth (recall: higher investment would increase capital and capital per worker)? (7 points) i. The demand loanable would decline along with the equilibrium. The saving and investments will decline as well hence giving the economy a lower rate for the future. ii. b. Suppose, on the other hand, that by effectively regulating the financial system, the bill increases savers’ confidence in the financial system. Show the consequences of the policy in this situation on a new graph, again noting changes in the equilibrium interest rate and the level of saving and investment. Again evaluate the effects on long run growth. (7 points) i. The supply of loanable funds would increase. The interest rate will decrease while the savings and investments will increase. Which will let the economy growth for the future, ii. Problems for Chapter 14 3. According to an old myth, Native Americans sold the island of Manhattan 400 years ago for $24. If they had access to a financial investment that yielded an interest rate of 7% per year, how much would they have today? (8 points) a. (1.07)^400 x 24= $13.6 Trillion 4. For each of the following kinds of insurance, give an example of a behavior that can be called moral hazard and another example of behavior that can be called adverse selection: a. Medical insurance (6 points) i. A sick person is more likely to apply to medical insurance compared to a healthy person. Meaning it’s an adverse selection. A healthy person may get health insurance too but now he may less likely to take care of himself, this would be a moral hazard. b. Car insurance (6 points) i. A risky driver is more likely to apply for car insurance, this would be an adverse selection. Or once a driver has insurance, they may be driving more reckless, this would be a moral hazrd. 5. For each of the following pairs of bonds, which bond would you expect to pay a higher interest rate? Explain. (5 points each) a. A bond of the US government or a bond of an Eastern European government i. Eastern European because non-US bonds will include risk premiums and also have higher interest rates b. A bond that repays the principal in 2015 or a bond that  repays the principal in 2040 i. 2040 because higher maturity requires higher interest rate. c. A bond from Coca-Cola or a bond from a software company that run in your garage i. The software company due to not being well known so it would be a higher interest rate. d. A bond issued by the federal government or a bond issued by the state of New York i. Definitely federal government because they are not tax-exempted compared to municipal bonds 6. When company executives buy and sell stock based on private information they obtain as part of their jobs, they are engaged in insider trading. a. Give an example of inside information that might be useful for buying or selling stock. (6 points) i. Information on new products or any government involvement that may affect the firm b. Those who trade stocks based on inside information usually earn very high rates of return. Does this fact violate the efficient markets hypothesis? (6 points) i. Who does trade with inside information is not violating the efficient market hypothesis. The hypothesis includes all available information about the future of the firm. Inside information is not available to the public meaning the price of the stock doesn’t reflect this. c. Insider trading is illegal. Why do you suppose that is? (5 points) i. It’s illegal for sure due to the fact that it gives others an unfair advantage over everyone else who doesn’t have access to this. 7. Jamal has a utility function , where W is his wealth in millions of dollars and U is the utility that he obtains. a. Graph Jamal’s utility function. Is he risk averse? Explain. (7 points) i. 1. He is risk averse because of his chances of getting more money for more risk. b. In the final stage of a game show, the host offers Jamal a choice between: i. $4 million for sure ii. A gamble that pays $1 million with 60% probability and $9 million with 40% probability Should Jamal pick choice i or choice ii? Hint: evaluate the utility that Jamal would expect to receive in choice i and choice ii. Jamal would expect to receive utility in the amount of the weighted average of the possible outcomes, where the probabilities are the weights. (7 points) E(Utility) = 0.6*U(1000000) + 0.4*U(9000000) = 0.6*0 + 0.4*1 = 0.4 Jamel should pick option one because he has a only 40% in order to get the 9 million but it might not worth it because he could end up back at 1 million.

Give an example of a law that you think attempts to reflect an ethical Essay

Give an example of a law that you think attempts to reflect an ethical value - Essay Example Typically, it reflects an ethical value because it protects employees against unethical behavior in the working environment especially in situations where a disability will not hinder the performance of a job and hence, is appropriate. It will compel managers to consider not only legal aspects but also what they, the society and employees consider to be ethical. On the other hand, the Fair Minimum Wage Act (2007) emphasizes on legalities but does not reflect ethical values. For example, it has not compelled Nike to stop paying substandard wages to its foreign workers and improve their working conditions. This law is inappropriate because it assumes that so long as Nike meets the minimum wage, it is not illegal to pay law wages and in appalling working conditions. It does not consider the fact that the employer needs to provide safe and conducive working environments apart from meeting a stipulated minimum wage (Lopez,

Artificial liver device Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Artificial liver device - Research Paper Example Although the results were promising, in depth research is still needed to reconcile regulatory standards with the processes employed in using ALDs; as well as to determine other sources of cell line, and other methods for prolonging cell line viability. Introduction The liver is the largest organ in the body. It has a myriad of functions: storage of glycogen; synthesis of glucose from fat and protein stores; detoxification of blood; protein synthesis; bile production to aid fat digestion; excretion of end products of protein metabolism; synthesis, breakdown and regulation of hormones; and antibody production among others. All these work together to maintain homeostasis, and enable the different body systems to function optimally. Chronic liver disease (e.g. cirrhosis) is the seventh leading cause of death in the US; with approximately 27,000 people dying from it annually (â€Å"Liver Disease: Statistics† n.pag.; â€Å"Liver Disease Statistics† n.pag.). According to the Center for Disease Control, about 112,000 people discharged from in-patient care are diagnosed with liver diseases (â€Å"Chronic Liver Disease or Cirrhosis† n.pag.). ... It can cause symptoms such as edema and jaundice; as well as accumulation of metabolic waste products, such as urea, eventually poisoning the different organs especially the brain. According to Pareja et al., â€Å"the most effective treatment [for]...patients [with chronic liver failure] are orthotropic liver transplantation...† (n.pag.). However, donor liver is of limited supply; and may take weeks, months or even years, before a viable organ donor is available. In a survey conducted by the Center for Liver Disease and Transplantation, approximately 17,000 people are waiting for a liver transplant in the US; with an approximate waiting time of 321 days (â€Å"Liver Transplantation Patient Guide: The Waiting List† n.pag.). Liver failure is coupled with a high death rate in the absence of transplantation (Carpentier et al. 1690). Apart from transplantation, researchers are exploring other alternatives in treating chronic liver disease. Among these are the uses of artifi cial and bio-artificial liver devices that will provide transient support for failing livers. Artificial liver (AL) devices make use of machines to rid the blood or plasma of toxins and by-products of metabolism (Carpentier et al. 1690). Bio-artificial liver (BAL) devices, on the other hand, make use of cell lines housed in a bioreactor cartridge that perform the detoxification, biotransformation, excretion and synthetic function of the liver (Carpentier et al. 1690). Availability of these devices, however, has not reached the market as more studies are still being done in order to reconcile the different issues associated with its widespread use. Method Bio-artificial liver devices provide liver assistance continuously for thirty days, enabling the patients’ liver to heal, or to

Perspectives on the Cold War, Decolonization, and the Vietnam War Essay

Perspectives on the Cold War, Decolonization, and the Vietnam War - Essay Example and the USSR entered the postwar age as adversaries. Their competition for worldwide supremacy formed a phenomenon referred to as the Cold War. The Second World War also aided to fasten the pace of nationalism or self-rule in the earlier colonies, in Europe. From 1945 to 1985, over 90 nations (a third of the world’s populace) attained self-rule from their colonies. As decolonization happened together with the Cold War, the two worldwide occurrences had an extremely close, as well as interrelated past, with each one persuading the character and context of the other. This paper will make use of various historical documents to look into the ideas, perceptions and strategies, which formed the course of the Cold War and decolonization. Also, during the Cold War era, individuals invoked tough moral stands in a world filled concurrently with fear of one’s enemies and purpose to create circumstances for a brighter future, mainly in Third World nations (Sanders, Nelson, Morillio n and Ellenberger 190). Using the introductory material and documents from the section in the textbook, Perspectives on the Cold War, Decolonization and the Vietnam War, this paper will explain and analyze the historical context in which these developments occurred and the specifics of moral arguments made by individuals from the United States, the Soviet Union and Vietnam. In both sentiment and rhetoric, the Cold War was frequently perceived and viewed as a moral crusade (Sanders, Nelson, Morillion and Ellenberger 190). It was also perceived as a prolonged endeavor between the right and the wrong. These parties perceived themselves as the superior and exclusive model for the entire world. They each sought to use this view as a reason for their actions. To the people from the Soviet Union, Americans were aggressors, warmongers, capitalist imperialists and exploiters. To the Americans, on the other hand, communists were deceitful, expansionists, dishonorable and fanatics. Therefore, the cold war turned into something far more than simply a geopolitical attempt to benefit and attract other spheres of influence. The Cold War was also the basis of decolonization in much of Asia and Africa. Even though, opposition against European colonialism started much before the independence group gained momentum following the Second World War, much effect of decolonization was felt during the Cold War. Led by educated and determined elites, nationalist movements both in Asia and Africa mobilized their people to struggle for independence and resist colonial authority. In some regions, the formation of political groups, as well as the use of mass rebellions and public disobedience, forced the colonizers to offer independence in a fairly peaceful and orderly way. However, in other regions such as Kenya, Algeria and Angola, the colonizers forcefully endeavored to hang on to power, and it led to the formation of liberation movements, which caused actual fighting (Sanders, Nelson, M orillion and Ellenberger 191). Soviet’s thoughts of the U.S. and the Cold War As a leader of the USSR for more than 20 years, Josef Vissarionovich Stalin was one of the most significant figures of the 20th century (Sanders, Nelson, Morillion and Ellenberger 194). Stalin joined the Bolshevik Party, meaning communist and became one of the closest collaborators to communism. Having cautiously secured his political role by 1930, Josef managed a number of

HNC Electrical Engineering Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

HNC Electrical Engineering - Essay Example Fortescue, who introduced the method around 1918.....(1) However, it remained difficult to understand the three-phase system working under this concept, as any change in the voltage or current in any single phase could result in the corresponding changes in other two phases as well. Therefore, only two-phase alternating current was used in the power systems and it had 90-degree difference between the phases.(2n) Hence the two-phase power-generating concept was developed. However, we have evidence of using two-phase generators by connecting two single-phase ones, as early as 1890s........(2) In simpler terms, three-phase power system is the one that uses three different wires. One wire can be a neutral cable, which facilitates the system to use higher voltages while transmitting low voltages in domestic appliances. However, those machines that use high voltage allocations, the neutral cable requirement is not there as negligible loads are connected between the phases. In three phase power systems the power load is well distributed, as all the three wires have same magnitude of current with balance power load. Most of the countries have their own color-coding of the wires to distinguish the same in case of repairs. The three-phase power system is the widely used power in all industries, as it has balanced power load with uniform phase angle difference. However, the requirement of the household appliances and applications can be met with the single or two-phase systems as well. All electric motors are the fine example of three-phase power usage, as a three phase induction motor runs efficiently and has high starting torque with trouble-free design. The application of such motors can be found in fans, blowers, compressors etc. While these are medium and large size motors, application of very small three phase motors can be found in computer fans etc. The main advantage

Understanding what Taylor to be saying about the meaning of life Assignment

Understanding what Taylor to be saying about the meaning of life - Assignment Example The stone would roll repeatedly roll down and he would have to constantly roll the stone back up forever. Sisyphus was punished for telling secrets of the gods to other humans. Taylor cites this activity as â€Å"a meaningless, pointless toil of a meaningless existence that is absolutely never redeemed.† (Taylor, n.d., p.141) There are no further results of the activity other than its repetitiveness. Taylor then suggests an alteration of this myth: If the gods had given the same punishment, while making Sisyphus really want to continuously roll stones up a hill even if it was still considered a pointless activity he would likely find his life to be meaningful. By presenting readers with this alternative scenario Taylor seems to suggest that life is made meaningful by determination, a positive attitude and acceptance of daily tasks. While Sisyphus is still performing the same tasks as in the previous myth, the only difference is that Sisyphus is determined to complete these tas ks .As Taylor explains when discussing the alternative scenario: â€Å"Sisyphus has been reconciled to it, (his task) and indeed more he has been led to embrace it.† (Taylor, n.d., p144) Therefore it is up to the individual to create meaning for his/her life. The meaning of life depends upon the tasks that are done on a daily basis even if they do not amount to anything significant. It partially depends upon one’s attitude about their daily routines. For example if individuals can accept the fact that they need to go to work to make a living even if they dislike their jobs and they have a positive attitude about it their lives can be meaningful. However if you feel negatively about your job and believe you are not accomplishing anything worthwhile but do not attempt to make changes to improve your situation, you will likely view your life as meaningless. Taylor looks at the lives of the glow worms

Human resource management Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words - 3

Human resource management - Essay Example Corporate culture affects a business and its workers in different ways so that workers become more creative and innovative. According to Hawken and Lovins (1999), a business that functions as a learning organization, rewarding measurement, monitoring continuous improvement always outpaces a corporate culture. A strong corporate culture provides a sense of identity for its employees so that they feel as part of the firm. A sound corporate culture can help form a effective teamwork among its workers. Corporate culture encourages workers to become more committed to the business and as a result industrial relation or high labor turn-over problems can be solved. Corporate culture contributes employee motivation that in turn increases the productivity of the employees. The corporate strategy can be used by managers as a measure to control managerial activities and to shape employee behavior and attitude towards the business. The researchers have found that strong corporate culture often damage company performances and its effectiveness in operation (Lowney, 2003, p. 209). People in a group or organization may be different in expressing values, rites or symbols and hence there can be subcultures within a corporate culture. The corporate culture can be ‘integrated, or differentiated or fragmented. The integration perspective of corporate culture is a unitary in which culture is shared and it would be unambiguous. The differentiation perspective is one in which culture forms in different ways. In fragmentation perspective, there would be little consensus between the workers in an organization regarding what is their culture. â€Å"Leadership is a process whereby an individual influences a group of individuals to achieve a common goal† (Northouse, 2009, p. 3) Leadership is the process of guiding the behavior of other people towards attaining organizational objectives. Leadership causes subordinates to behave in a particular