Nike Case Analysis Essay

QUESTION 1- Prior to the â€Å"Game Changing† proposal for global woman’s fitness where would you put Nike on the CSI chart? Why Prior to â€Å"Game Changing† initiative, I would categorize Nike as a scope-driven organization on the Complex Strategic Integration Chart. Generally, in a scope-driven strategy, resources are mobilized across business units to pursue major opportunities. Nike business strategy is centered on big events. Nike scope dimension indicates the magnitude to which pursuing a new business opportunity requires the collaboration of the existing business units with the corporate strategy. Prior to the â€Å"Game Change† proposal, Nike was an initiative-driven organization, product group and business units work together on major marketing events but then go back to their silos as soon as the common goal is accomplished. Nike focus on product improvement, it has organized its core business around a product orientation, with primary business units focuse d on their main competencies. In other words, Nike’s strategic integration contributes to the support of the strategic push of the company’s core business. Furthermore, Nike’s business units represented the lead dimension of the matrixed organization structure. Within Nike’s matrixed structure, the business units dominated decision-making and priority setting. Members of different business unit teams only collaborated across business unit boundaries commonly to support short-term projects as such World Cup and Olympics. The cross-communication, sharing, and transferring of resources among business units is conducted in order to meet Nike strategic desire to optimize innovation and execution around its primary products. As an example, prior Game changing, Nike ‘strategic integration did not support redirection; Nike’s marketing strategy was focus on products and product innovation. According to Nike managers, it was difficult to gain the support of all the business units in ongoing strategy preceding the Game changing initiative. To make the matter even more challenging business units were much disintegrated; each business unit had its own timelines of bringing product to market, making collaboration harder. Functional representative were not always involved in vital business activities. Nike’s structure did not support ongoing strategy. This prevented Nike from recognizing opportunities. QUESTION 2-How would you describe the new strategy for Global Woman’s Fitness? The â€Å"Game Changing† strategy is crucial in the women’s fitness segment since it focuses on  providing vertical integration of all products within the segment rather than having products developed separately without a common vision. The new strategy proposed by the â€Å"Game Change team put’s Nike in a strong position to capture significant market shares do mestically, as well as in emerging markets where women had traditionally have not been allowed to participate in sports are now finding it acceptable to do so. This new strategy gives women’s fitness its own category of focus, instead of the focus being on product divisions such as footwear and apparel. Nike had traditionally organized its business around footwear, apparel, and equipment. Integration between these three business units was inconsistent at best. The goals of the â€Å"Game Change† proposal was to reorganization and take a more consumer-oriented approach to the market to give customers holistic collections of everything they want and need in a particular sports category. This required Nike to breakdown its product-oriented silos and collaborate on a more formal, ongoing basis. The reorganization also reflected a change in Nike’s corporate strategy. The elevation of women’s fitness to a major focus for the company was a substantial victory to proponent of this initiative, those who recognized the potential of women market, and had been fighting for the increased prominence of this market segment for years. For Nike female consumers are the core of a new organizational product and marketing strategy aimed at finding ways to capture the women’s sport market after years of failure. QUESTION 3-What was the biggest external barrier facing Nike? Nike external barriers are its consumers, retailers, and competitors. Nonetheless, the biggest Nike’s external barrier was consumers, trying to be clear on what they wanted exactly, that would lead to want to buy from Nike. Nike discovered that they had to get much more specific regarding what is different about dance versus running and so forth. Nike faced off against a handful of traditional but well respected brands in the women’s footwear market, also a lot of new and smaller competitors. Nike led the market in some categories, but not other. As an example, Reebok dominated the market in women’s aerobics, but Nike led in women running from the market share and revenue perspective. Fundamentally, no firm controls the market. For this reason, Nike competitors appeared to be rethinking their positioning in the space. Retailers were also other external barrier, the retailers Nike sale to are  locked into their own of doing business. It would not be easy for them conform to Nike’s collection of creating â€Å"a store within a store† for Nike’s products. The game changing team would have to work with their supplier to make sure that they had the product available together. REFERENCE: †¢Burgelman, R, Christensen, C & Wheelwright, S 2009, 5th Ed., Nike’s Global Women’s fitness Business: Driving Strategic Integration, Mc Graw-Hill, America,pp. 1213-1234

A Civil Action/ Irac Style Format

A Civil Action FACTS: This movie, A Civil Action, is about a lawsuit that began with the death of twelve people, and eight of those twelve people were children. This all takes place in the little city of Woburn Wells, Massachusetts. This is a small city that has two companies that are located really close to the cities river. One company is called W. R. Grace Company and the other is Beatrice Foods. Jan Schlitnmann is the main attorney for the plaintiff’s side along with his partners; Conway, Gordon, and Crowley. The attorney for W. R. Grace was William Cheeseman, and the attorney for Beatrice foods was Jerome Fatcher. Anne Anderson initially told one of Jan’s partners her story and put many calls into their office. However, she never a response from them! So Anne put a call into Jan Schlitchmann while he was on a radio show. Jan and his partners discussed the case and Jan agreed to go and meet with Anne and the family member’s of the children who died from Leukemia. So he went to the city of Woburn Wells. Jan saw the companies W. R. Grace and Beatrice Foods and thought it would be a goldmine for the law office to take on the case. Anderson told Jan that she and the other families were not looking for money in this lawsuit. The families only wanted an apology from the companies and for someone to clean up the area and make sure it would not ever happen again. The drinking water that the town had been drinking was the problem. The water had somehow been contaminated with trichloroethylene and silicon (used to water proof leather). Jan was going to prove in court that W. R. Grace and Beatrice Foods knowingly contaminated the river that was located in Woburn Wells and by contaminating the river it caused twelve people to die from leukemia. ISSUES: Did the drinking water that was contaminated with Trichloroethylene and silicon, by W. R. Grace Company and Beatrice Foods, cause the leukemia deaths and other health problems in Woburn, Massachusetts? LAW: Negligence:   is a  legal  concept in the  common law  legal systems mostly applied in tort cases to achieve monetary compensation (damages) for physical and mental injuries Wrongful Death: is a claim in common law jurisdictions against a person who can be held liable for a death DISCUSSION: Big corporations generally only see things with dollar signs. The goal of any corporation is to make the maximum profit that they can while providing a good or service to the community. W. R. Grace and Beatrice Foods show this statement to be true throughout this whole movie. They are continuously trying to make this â€Å"issue† go away by throwing money at the family members, trying to make the suit go away and not fix the real problem. W. R. Grace Company decided that the best place to dump the T. C. E. was in the river behind the plant. This had major effects on everyone that was in close proximity to the river. It got into the drinking water, which was said to have caused 12 deaths, the reason of some miscarriages, and seizures among other health conditions, from what the claims are that is. The company tried to cover up this kind of thing as much as possible by buying people off. They think that if they give people money for their losses than everything will be alright. For huge corporations dealing with billions of dollars these payoffs are only a drop in the bucket for them. Even a million dollars to any family is an incredible amount of money and often the money becomes more important than the real issues behind the problem and can't be passed up by a family struggling to get by. The benefits of paying these people for their trouble are much cheaper than doing things the right way in the beginning and protecting their safety. Well, the families of Woburn Wells wanted no part of the money. They just wanted the problem fixed and an apology from the ones who caused this tragedy. Jan Schlichtmann initially didn't want to take the case because he doesn't think that there will be any money in it for him and his firm. Even though he goes and sees how much pain this company has caused to the people in Woburn Wells, he still doesn't care because of the money. Not until he realizes how big the companies are does he take the case. The firm took the case and went to work. The first hearing ruled that Beatrice Foods wasn’t to be held accountable, just W. R. Grace Company, There were many scientific and complex tests that had to be run in order to prove that the water was contaminated by W. R. Grace. This was all at the cost of Schlichtmann’s firm. As the case goes on he isn't able to achieve what he ultimately wanted to do because the Grace Company has so much money that they will almost always win. Schlichtmann’s firm goes into debt trying to win this case but ultimately has to settle because they can't go on. Schlichtmann ended up settling with W. R. Grace for 8 million dollars. After all debts are paid (all of the equipment that was rented, the Dr. ’s that ran the tests, the scientist’s, etc. and the fee for Schlichtmann’s firm, the families were awarded $357,000 per family! This made the families very upset. Not because of the amount of the money, but because when Anne Anderson initially spoke with Schlichtmann, she had told him that the families weren’t interested in the money. All the families ultimately wanted was were apologies, someone to take the blame for the cause of their loved ones deaths, and for the contaminated water and area to be cleaned up so this type of thing were to never happen again. After that final meeting with the families, Jan Schlichtmann and his partners all ended up all going their separate ways. Schlichtmann had a â€Å"come to† one day. He ended up questioning one of the workers of W. R. Grace once again, who told him the whole story regarding the disposal of the chemical waste. He told Schlichtmann how and where they got rid of everything, which was in the river behind the plant. This was negligent on the companies’ part. Schlichtmann didn’t have the money for the appeal process, so he sent everything he had to another lawyer. This case went on for years. In the end, the EPA (US Environmental Protection Agency) filed a lawsuit against W. R. Grace and the companies agreed to share 69. 4 million for cleanup of the area. CONCLUSION: Did the drinking water that was contaminated with Trichloroethylene and silicon, by W. R. Grace Company and Beatrice Foods, cause the leukemia deaths and other health issues in Woburn, Massachusetts? Yes An employee of W. R. Grace was confronted by Jan after the trial was over with, who came clean about the whole cover up. He was told to â€Å"get rid† of the barrels that were filled with the toxins, which he did along with several others. They dumped the hundreds of barrels into the river which was one of the main sources of water in the city. There was an autopsy on one of the children’s bodies. The Dr. onfirmed that the child died from leukemia which was caused by Trichloroethylene. After many scientific tests and many years in the courtroom, both W. R. Grace and Beatrice Foods were found guilty for the contamination of the river in Woburn Wells, which was linked to the drinking water and the cause of the leukemia deaths. This toxin, T. C. E. , was found to be in the drinking water of the city, and was digested by the children on a regular basis. The wrongful deaths of the 12 individuals in the city lay in the hands of both W. R. Grace and Beatrice Foods. It was their duty of care to dispose of the chemicals in an appropriate manner.

Assess the View That Traditional Class Identities

Assess the view that traditional class identities are no longer important. Social class refers to the divisions within society. Each group shares the same characteristics, for example they may work within the same type of occupation, therefore meaning they share the same economic status. These groups are the working class, middle class and upper class. However now some believe there isn’t this social class division within society and that everyone is equal. People that would agree traditional class identities are no longer important are postmodernists.These have the view that class no longer really matters in modern Britain and that now people no longer identify themselves according to their class background. Clarke and Saunders (1991) would agree with the view of postmodernists. They suggest that classes have become fragmented into many different groups and now they have been replaced with other influences such as gender and lifestyles. Although they is some evidence which su ggests these ideas are exaggerated.Marshall’s survey into how people view themselves showed people still see social class as a source of identity. The traditional working class was a group of people that was developed after the industrialisation when they were need for large amounts of manual workers. This group formed a strong sense on culture and identity. These were strong moral values, having men as the breadwinner and women as housewives and believing getting a job is more important than having an education.The traditional working class also saw the labour party as the party for the working class as it represented their interests, as pointed out in item B. Although now many people in the working class vote for different parties as they don’t all agree on what is important now in society, supporting the idea that traditional class identities are no longer important. Now also the manufacturing business as changed a lot, this means now they aren’t the same job s available as they would have been before as they have been replaced with things such as machines that can do a faster and cheaper job.Therefore the working class has had to change the sort of jobs they do over time which may be a reason for the change in characteristics, and therefore making the traditional class identities now no longer important. Diamond and Giddens agree with this as they argue that the working class is no longer important because of the change in the economy that as lead to the decline of manual labour jobs, and that the working class isn’t now the only class which experiences economic and social eprivation. The new working class is now seen to have little loyalty to others within the same class, more emphasis on customer goods, high levels of home ownership, and women likely to be employed. There is also now a larger section of the working class, this may be down to some working class jobs now becoming more skilful therefore getting higher pay, which o thers become less skilful and get lower pay, meaning people in the same class may identify themselves every differently.However there are sociologists that believe traditional class identities are still very important, for example Marxists. They believe social class is still hugely influential in shaping our identities. They also believe social class is identified by your income, and that leisure wouldn’t define your identity as you would need the disposable income to afford it. The British Attitudes Survey supported this idea, because in 2007 it found still 94% of people still identified themselves with a social class, whereas only 6% didn’t.Overall the importance of traditional class identities are seen every differently by different people. Views which agree and disagree to the importance of traditional class identities still being important have both positives and negatives so it’s hard to just believe one view point is the truth and the other doesn’t matter. Therefore I believe both viewpoints have sufficient evidence and that traditional class identities are still important to an extent, however now there is also other factors that can make up our identity other than just our social class.

Managing Financial Decisions Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

Managing Financial Decisions - Essay Example On the other hand, sole proprietorship and partnerships have unlimited liability for shareholders. Although, it is easier to set up sole proprietorship or partnership as compared to the limited company, but limited companies have better access to external markets for funding and business opportunities. This implies that there is a separation of the business and individuals holding interests in the company. This type also has the advantage of being able to raise large amounts of funds from external sources. Also, the business is managed by a group of professional directors who have the experience and knowledge to operate different affairs of the business (Bendrey, Hussey, & West, 2004). In addition, only those profits, which are taken out from the limited company’s accounts are taxed as compared. Whereas, the entire profit of sole proprietorship is taxed. 1b Types of Source of Finance Types of Finance Definition Advantages Disadvantages Short Term Finance Trade Credit Credit ob tained by business for inventory and receivables management. It is less costly. It is easier to arrange. It does not require security. It is difficult to arrange large amounts. It is only trade related. Factoring Sale of receivables for cash in advance. It allows transfer of risk associated with credit sales. It frees up cash of businesses tied up in receivables. It is highly costly. It is not available to all kinds of industries. It involves complicated legal terms. Bank Overdrafts Short term borrowing from banks. It is not fixed for a specific period of time. It is suitable for businesses requiring finance occasionally. It is less costly for large companies. It is difficult to manage in periods of high interest rate volatility. It requires personal guarantees from owners or directors of the company. Medium Term Finance Loans Medium term borrowing from banks. It is for specific period of time and less fluctuation in interest payments. It allows businesses to ascertain the cost of f inance in advance. It allows businesses to negotiate terms of repayment according to their projections. It is faster to arrange such loans. It is costlier as compared to overdrafts. It can affect creditworthiness of the business if fails to meet loan obligations. Lease Obtaining the right of use of asset without purchasing them. Allows a business or individual to preserve liquid assets. Fixed repayments are required and the lender can not cancel the agreement on its own. It is difficult to arrange. It is difficult to record and report leases. It may not be possible to acquire all types of assets on lease. Long Term Finance Debt Finance Long term borrowing from banks or other finance providing companies. It allows access to larger pool of funds. It allows to upgrade equipment and machinery on regular basis. It requires security. It involves high interest charge due to its long-term nature. It is difficult to obtain loan for assets other than property in some countries. The accessibil ity to this type of finance depends upon assessment of creditworthiness of companies. It is finance against future profits of the business and can therefore restrict utilization of internal funds for business growth. Debentures and Loan Stock By issuing debt instrument in the secondary market.

Success and Strategies of Sony 1995 to 2005 Essay

Success and Strategies of Sony 1995 to 2005 - Essay Example The features of this console were graphics of high quality and enhanced sound effects. It made the millions of gamers all over the world reconsider their conception of a quality gaming. (Mizuno et al, 1994) The fist unit gained so much popularity all over the world, that a new improved version of this computer system was soon released. This was PlayStation2. As the Sony specialists describe this hardware, "PlayStation2 is designed to combinetraditional interactive video gaming with music and DVD functionality". (Mizuno et al, 1994) Ken Kutaragi from Sony Computer Inc. said the following about this new improved system: "Just as PlayStation brought interactive gaming to an unprecedented mass market, PlayStation2's combination of breathtaking digital graphics, superb sound and DVD video will open the doors to a new computer entertainment experience in the home". (qtd in Mizuno et al, 1994) In addition to improved graphics and sound, the new system had few technical enhancements: it allowed easy process of transition due to interoperability of the games developed for Sony PlayStation 1 and accessories made especially for the games of PlayStation2. Sony PlayStation2 was released at the beginning of 2000, and it quickly found lots of faithful gamers long before chief competitors of the company, Nintendo and Microsoft. Strategic management concepts and their implementation in the case with Sony Entertainment Inc. have some specifications that are necessary to be observed and investigated in order to understand success of this company in the period of 1995-2005 year. The first item to be observed is the resources. The company's strategy is to change fully its electronics niche by means of connecting more goods with their games and their business in the sphere of entertainment in general. Sony obtains the resources, and it was reported that they sold about 30000000 of PlayStation2 units all over the world before the price cut. CSFB (Credit Suisse First Boston) supposes that Sony has shipped about 8000 000 of PlayStation2 units in North America after the unit was introduced. The commentators write that "price reductions are usually made to acquire market share, but this hasn't been a problem for them. Estimates through March made a showing that 70,000 plus PS2's were sold each week compared to 60,000 plus Xbox's and GameCube's combined". (Schlender, 2005) It is customary to regard Sony as a company that has resources to produce profit due to experienced staff, managers, and their successful efforts of bringing all their products into success. The next issue is skills or capabilities. Sony Entertainment Inc. has a staff capable of producing innovations. In addition, this company is supported by game directors, computer experts and developers in all countries of the world. They also have numerous affiliations with various companies that help them in support of their devices. Here are some reports in the news concerning Sony products: "Their latest game a crime epic called The Getaway will make a stunning appearance". "Sony Computer Entertainment Europe's Team Soho and Ascension Technology have set a new standard for motion capture: Production for the forthcoming PlayStation2 game The Getaway was the first ever to capture the motions of five performers at once, in real time".

Develop Alternative energy supply system Research Paper - 1

Develop Alternative energy supply system - Research Paper Example Increased employment levels: The people of Bambui will receive numerous job opportunities due to increased productivity in the region. Firms and small businesses will look to employ more people to handle the increased demand and supply. The development of the alternative forms of energy in the region will increase employment levels in the production service. Both the skilled and unskilled labor will be sought to handle the technical and manual work in the structuring and execution of the different forms of energy. For example, the construction of wind turbines will require the availability of skilled engineers and the manual services of employees loading and off-loading the necessary equipment (IEEE, 2002). Another economic benefit of the implementation of the geothermal, urine, and wind energy sources will be the reduced energy costs. All the mentioned forms of energy depend on renewable resources that are readily available in Bambui region. With the utilization of these energy sources, the region will reduce the cost of acquiring fossil fuels and candles. Green energy saves the area from incurring foreign exchange costs while procuring fossil fuels. Fossil fuel energy is more expensive than wind and geothermal due to the high volatility in oil prices. The threat of price fluctuations is considerably reduced since wind, urine, and geothermal are all renewable resources accessed in the region (Zou, 2012). The energy produced will also be more efficient than the other sources previously used in Bambui. Since the energy is provided in the locality and with fewer distribution dependence on the national grid lines energy supply is expected to be more stable: The steady supply arises from t he availability of an independent gridline whose repairs are effected immediately without the interference of the corporations’ bureaucracy. Bambui region will also experience an economic growth following the inception of the alternative forms of

Managment Development (Management) Research Proposal

Managment Development (Management) - Research Proposal Example Essentially benchmarking involves â€Å"carrying out an audit on two fronts† (Evans 138). One needs to identify current processes and practices in a business or organization and then probe their weaknesses. The next step involves identification of companies that have proved to be experts in a given field and then trying to match or even better their performance. The rationale behind benchmarking is that if you do not know what the best practices in the industry are, then chances of being the best are almost zero. It is also a tried and tested method of matching competitor strength and even eclipsing them in the market place. A good example where benchmarking has been used lately is in the field of mobile technology. Apple Inc caused a stir when it introduced the hugely popular touch screen phone the iPhone. Coupled with its top notch marketing strategy, the company easily set the benchmark in trendy mobile technology. Not to be outdone, rivals such as Nokia and Samsung used Apple’s touch technology to produce mobile phones which have gained a foothold in the market and proved to be worthy competitors. This proposal will therefore try to find out the extent to which benchmarking has been used as a strategy and with what success. A literature review will be conducted and appropriate recommendation given. According to Damelio, benchmarking is a â€Å"process and not an event† (71). It involves constantly looking outside the organization to learn the tricks of achieving excellence in an organization. In other words it is a learning experience and once the lesson is learnt then the process is applied in the company. The first step in the process of benchmarking involves a thorough understanding of the current norm of business and then analyzing the business practice of others who are considered the pace setters in the industry. The next step involves doing complete analysis of the variance

Effects of Chinese Auto Market on US Economy Research Paper

Effects of Chinese Auto Market on US Economy - Research Paper Example    During the industrialization process of China, the automotive industry has grown rapidly. The growth of the automotive industry of China has become the catalyst for the growth of other sectors as well. The automotive industry of China has directed its attention towards the infrastructure development patterns (Zhang, 2003). The automobile industry of China is the major driver of the economy of the United States. This market has also played a vital role in the growth of other industrial economies. When Henry Ford applied the technique of line production in order to produce cars, the product transformed from a luxury item to an essential component of life. The automotive industry of China has evolved as the major driving the economy of China and its workforce. Some of the arguments about Chinese automotive industry focus on the consumption of automobiles in the market of China and the export approach of the country. According to different indicators, China is open to the foreign in vestment like Korea and Japan. These indicators also suggest that China may take a hybrid approach in order to direct its attention towards domestic consumption. At the same time, China may also build vehicles for export in order to produce world-class cars (Business Line, 2002) The automotive car industry of China is export-focused. The industry is very complex and is undergoing a transformation from low-cost to value-added products.  Ã‚   The global economic crises have severely influenced the automotive sector of the United States. However, the auto industry of China is growing constantly. The industry has become a bright focus for foreign car manufacturers. In the year 2008, China produced approximately eight times more vehicles than those produced in the 1990s. The annual production of cars in the automotive industry has allowed China to surpass the United States. The vehicles produced in the automotive industry of China have become very sophisticated with the passage of time. It is because of the partnership of China with major automotive giants including Volkswagen, Toyota, Mazda, GM, Honda, and others. The purpose of this partnership is to boost technological cooperation (Chang’An Automobile Group, 2002).

Strengthening U.S. Homeland Security Policies against Potential Research Paper

Strengthening U.S. Homeland Security Policies against Potential Islamic Jihad Union Attacks - Research Paper Example Since the bombing of the Twin Towers, the U.S. has been adamant in tightening its homeland security policies and programs. The executive branch, in collaboration with the legislative and the judiciary branches, has created, developed, and implemented essential laws that are aimed at protecting U.S. citizens from various threats of terrorism. Unfortunately, as the different breakthroughs in communication and modern weaponry continue to take place, so do the threats from these notorious terrorist groups. Thus, it is in the critical study of the background, tactics and strategies of these terrorist groups that the U.S. can further enhance its current homeland security policies. In this paper, we first take a close look at the Islamic Jihad Union in order to understand the group’s historical background, its primary ideologies and goals, and its basic strategies. Then, we examine the U.S. Homeland Security Policy by specifically highlighting on the policies regarding these issues: border and transportation security; domestic counter-terrorism; and emergency preparedness and response. Through this review, we intend to underscore the policies’ strengths and weaknesses in order to provide sound and implementable recommendations which are targeted to enhance such policies. At the end of this paper, we seek to justify the paper’s thesis that although there is an efficient, accurate, and effective implementation of the major policies in the federal government level, emphasis must be placed on enhancing the execution in the local level, specifically on border and transportation security. I. The Islamic Jihad Union (IJU) The discussion on the Islamic Jihad Union (IJU) is to be divided into three parts. The first part will give a brief background of the group by looking at its organizational structure, ideology, and overall goals. The next part will understand the capabilities of the group in spreading terrorism by focusing on its recruitment and training

Import and Export Markets in the United Kingdom Essay - 1

Import and Export Markets in the United Kingdom - Essay Example This research will begin with the statement that the United Kingdom produces a vast amount of products for exports and imports a wide range of electronics, food, oil, and other consumer goods. The use of higher technology manufactured goods has caused a dramatic increase in both exports and imports. However, the recent financial crisis experienced around the world has led to a decline in imports and exports. In 2009, UK imports and exports totaled to $1,256 billion, which was equivalent to 4.3 of the world trade. The financial crisis has caused a rise in exchange rates of a sterling pound, which has caused an 8.6% decrease in exports and 9.1% decrease in imports (Great Britain, 2009). Over the past ten years, the UK has been a net oil exporter, but production has been decreasing consistently over the past years. The oil industry has recorded an average decrease of 5.3% per year in exports. This has converted the UK from an oil export to an oil import land. Oil production in the regio n is less than demand, which calls for supplements through increased imports. Imports of other energy sources such as coal, electricity, and gas have increased over the past five years. In 2010, the importation of liquefied natural gas increased to account for 35% of total gas imports, while gas exports have decreased slightly over the same period. Gas has also been increasingly used for electricity supply with the amount required increasing by 47%. Changes in the financial sector affect business sentiments and investment decisions, which are linked to global trade. Data service exports at the start of 2007 were about 30 billion pounds while imports were about 33 billion pounds. Mid 2008 recorded the peak imports and exports at 40 billion and 34 billion pounds respectively. The rate of imports and exports of data services decreased consistently since 2008 reaching a low of 32 billion in imports and 29 billion in exports in mid-2009. However, an increase was recorded towards the end of 2010 with imports and exports reaching 41 and 35 billion respectively.

Grignard arylation Lab Report Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Grignard arylation - Lab Report Example In this reaction, the C=O bond the ketones is attacked by the Grignard reagent to yield an alkoxide ion. The alkoxide ion formed is then protonated by H+ to form alcohol and MgBrOH (McMurry): A 50-mL round-bottomed flask containing 20 mmol of magnesium turnings and a stirbar was flame dried. A rubber stopper was affixed to the flask after it had cooled and then assembled with an addition funnel from the oven before it had cooled. Grease was applied to the glass-to-glass joints to prevent them from freezing as the parts cooled. The addition funnel was charged with a solution of phenyl bromide (20 mmol) in anhydrous ether (15 mL). 1 mL of the solution formed was then added into the flask and stirred until the reaction started. Once the reaction had begun, the rest of the phenyl bromide solution was dripped in over several minutes, at a rate that maintained a gentle reflux. Following the addition, the reaction was allowed to proceed for 20 minutes. During this period, heat was added to maintain the reflux. The Grignard reagent was allowed to cool. A solution of cyclopentanone (13 mmol) in anhydrous ether (10 mL) was added through the addition funnel while stirring. The reaction mixture was worked-up as follows: a sufficient amount of 3M HCl was added to acidify the reaction mixture. The aqueous layer that formed was extracted with CH2Cl2. While swirling, the combined organic layers were washed with 10 mL of 10% aqueous sodium bisulfite and 10 mL of brine. The organic layer was dried and the solvent obtained evaporated over a steambath. The residue obtained was stored in a shell-vial with a well-fitting cap. The workup was repeated by my partner; however, he used 20 mL of 10% aqueous NH4Cl in place of 3M HCl. In the second week of the laboratory session, the evaporation residue was transferred into a flask, after which it was vacuum distilled into a tarred flask. The product obtained was then characterized by

Literature review Essay Example for Free

Literature review Essay According to (Light, Pillerner, 1984), systematic literature review is also useful for it provides literature review needed in the scientific world. Systematic reviews follow a predetermined set of guidelines while being conducted and produces results that are fair. Unbiased reports are of great scientific value for they become the rationale for scientific studies. Through the results, hypotheses that do not have supporting evidence are eliminated and the ones which are based on evidence used for scientific studies. Thus systematic literature reviews define strengths and limits of available researches that are used in the science world. Among the many advantages of systematic literature review is that, unlike ordinary research that provides conclusions and suggests recommendations to a particular study or question, systematic literature review does not limit researchers, practitioners, clinicians, health care managers among other users of systematic review findings. Mulrow (2008) states that systematic literature review leaves room for the findings to be challenged. For instance, if researchers do not agree with a particular study that has been appraised through systematic literature review; room is provided for parties who do not agreeing with the research findings to build their own reviews. The transparent way through which systematic literature review is conducted provides the building blocks through which it can be challenged. In addition, the process of conducting a systematic literature review is less tiring as compared to the primary studies which use data collected from the field. Systematic literature reviews uses the already processed and documented primary data and therefore is less tedious. Power and precision is accorded to systematic reviews through their use of quantitative methodologies in data analysis. When compared with other traditional research literatures, systematic reviews have an advantage over them for they are able to justify their evidence and conclusions qualitatively and also quantitatively. Thomas, Harden et al, (2004) acknowledges that the use of Meta – analysis in systematic reviews gives them a greater command when it comes to evidence over traditional literature reviews that only relies on qualitative evidence. In addition, the combination of qualitative and quantitative methodologies ensures that the results are of greater precision. Systematic literature reviews uses a methodology that does not have room for biasness. The results obtained through systematic literature reviews are valid and can be reproduced when the same procedure is used. Mulrow, (2008) emphasizes that systematic reviews are transparent and researches widely on the available data making policy makers, clinicians, nurses among other users to widely rely on systematic literature reviews. The reviews also provide information that is clear and defined depending on the question or the study under review. Last but not least of the advantages of systematic literature review is the use of quantitative methods in literature reviews. The combination of both qualitative and quantitative methods of evaluating existing data contributes to the accuracy of results accorded to systematic literature reviews. Systematic literature review is far from perfect and many professionals argue as to the practicability of the evidence produced through systematic literature reviews. They argue that systematic literature reviews are reviews done by a group of researchers who think that by conducting the review, they have already solved a problem. According to Mulrow, (2008) to most professionals, a systematic literature review only signifies the beginning of a finding and not a way for solving a problem. For instance, while systematic literature reviews makes use of existing researches to make the reviews, the existing research evidence may have been conducted in relation to a particular group of people, area or particular settings. Then, though the systematic review conclusions will be drawn, questions arise as to how systematic literature reviews that may have used research findings that were only meant for a particular group of people or area should be generalized to other regions or people. They raise a problem of generalizing and disseminating quality and clear information to consumers and thereby undermining one of the most important reasons as to why systematic literature reviews should be done.

Exercise of Universal Jurisdiction Critique

Exercise of Universal Jurisdiction Critique This Research will critically discuss the problems associated with the exercise of Universal Jurisdiction with regard to Internal Crimes by National courts The bases upon which Jurisdiction can be assumed under International Law are: 1. Territorial Principle 2. Protective or Security Principle 3. Nationality Principle 4. Passive Personality Principle 5. Universality Principle. UNIVERSAL JURISDICTION Unlike the territorial principle where jurisdiction is assumed based on the place where the crime is committed, the protective principle which permits jurisdiction to be assumed when the interest of the state is threatened, Nationality principle which looks to the nationality of the offender and the passive personality principle which looks to the nationality of the victim of the crime, Universal jurisdiction looks solely to the crime and jurisdiction is assumed on this basis. King-Irani stated that Universal jurisdiction is based on customary law as well as an international consensus, that some crimes are so heinous that they threaten the entire human race.[1] Perpetrators of such crimes are considered to be enemies of all mankind and in that lies the right and authority of all states to prosecute perpetrators of such crimes. This really is the foundation of the Universal Jurisdiction principle. The International Council on Human Rights Policy in its booklet on Universal Jurisdiction explained Universal Jurisdiction to mean a system of international justice that gives the courts of any country jurisdiction over crimes against humanity, genocide and war crimes, regardless of where or when the crime was committed, and the nationality of the victims or perpetrators. It allows the prosecution of certain crimes before the courts of any country even if the accused, the victim, or the crime, has no link to that country.[2] Universal Jurisdiction is usually invoked over International Crimes. Problems associated with the exercise of Universal Jurisdiction frustrate prosecution of international crimes on the basis of Universal jurisdiction; they threaten the continued prosecution of international crimes by states and can undermine the effective administration of justice at the international level. Some of these problems are: UNCERTAINTY AS TO THE SCOPE OF UNIVERSAL JURISIDCTION Uncertainty of the scope of Universal Jurisdiction takes different forms; uncertainty as to its true meaning, mode of its application and the crimes over which it applies are issues that have made the scope of Universal Jurisdiction uncertain. Luc Reydams in a paper written for the European Parliaments Subcommittee on Human Rights (DROI) stated that Most..agree that Universal Jurisdiction exists but everyone has a different understanding of what it means[3] Reydams further states that the problem with Universal Jurisdiction starts with its definition; its definition is too broad, and it leaves so much undefined thus failing to satisfy the legal requirement of certainty. There is no consensus on the offences in respect of which Universal Jurisdiction can be exercised and there also exists differing views on the true meaning of Universal Jurisdiction. Universal jurisdiction arose in the context of piracy, and it remains the most longstanding and uncontroversial Universal Jurisdiction crime.[4] David Stewart in identifying one of the challenges of Universal Jurisdiction stated that Difficulty lies in knowing exactly which crimes qualify for unilateral prosecution by any and all states. Even if one accepts that, as a matter of international law, jurisdiction must be limited to crimes of universal concern, there is no means for determining exactly which offenses fall into that category.[5] The Princeton Principles on Universal Jurisdiction states the fundamentals of Universal Jurisdiction as its first principle; under this it states that Universal Jurisdiction should be asserted with reference to the crime only; such crimes should be serious crimes.ÂÂ   In its second principle, it states that the serious crimes over which Universal Jurisdiction should be asserted are piracy, slavery, war crimes, crimes against peace, crimes against humanity genocide and torture. The Princeton principles further states that the exercise of jurisdiction in respect to the above listed crimes is without prejudice to other International Crimes under International Law. This raises a fundamental question; what are the parameters for determining the crimes over which Universal Jurisdiction may be asserted? It is generally agreed that while Universal Jurisdiction may be asserted over International crimes, it is not every International crime that can be subject to Universal Jurisdiction? Dr. Oner states that some International crimes are subject to Universal Jurisdiction as a matter of Customary International Law and some others as a result of treaty.[6] He opines that those are the two ways of ascertaining what crimes are subject to Universal Jurisdiction.[7] He traces the history of how different crimes came to be recognised as International crimes over which Universal jurisdiction could be asserted, his work would be relied on in tracing the history of those crimes. Piracy is the oldest recognised crimes over which Universal Jurisdiction can be assumed, the basis of asserting Universal Jurisdiction over this crime lies in the fact that it is committed in a place which cannot be categorised as the territory of any state; the High Seas. It was an offence that affected every state; hence all states had the authority to combat it. This is the only crime over which it is generally accepted that Universal Jurisdiction can be asserted over. Jurisdiction over this crime arose under customary law and it was later recognised by treaties. Jurisdiction was later extended to Hijacking by virtue of Article 4 of 1970 Hague Convention for the Suppression of Unlawful Seizure of Aircraft and the 1982 Convention of the Law of the Sea. After the Second World War and the application of Universal Jurisdiction to the prosecution of War crimes, Genocide and Crimes against Humanity, they gained acceptance as International Crimes over which Universal Jurisdiction could be asserted both under Customary International Law and treaties which created an obligation on states to either prosecute or extradite.[8] With time more Conventions on certain other offences also placed an obligation on states to either prosecute or extradite persons who have committed certain crimes; Universal Jurisdiction was therefore extended to certain other offences such as Torture.[9] Another arm of this problem is national legislation of states on Universal Jurisdiction. The scope of such legislation determines the extent of Jurisdiction that can be assumed over International Crimes, and crimes over which Universal jurisdiction may be asserted. Some states have expanded the scope of crimes over which Universal Jurisdiction may be assumed under their laws, some others have tried to maintain the scope asÂÂ   has been ascertained by them Under International Law, while some others have conferred jurisdiction on their national courts in a very limited manner. States have delimited the scope of Universal Jurisdiction in their respective jurisdictions by their respective laws. Mark Ellis stated that As much of the international community promotes universal jurisdiction, state practice is limiting the scope and use of it. AND this is being done without much notice. [10] Ellis further opined that The propensity of states retaining a more expansive view of jurisdictional reach is ending. The discernible trend is moving towards a more restrictive interpretation and application of universal jurisdiction.[11] The absence of uniformity in the legislation of states conferring jurisdiction on their respective courts to assert Universal Jurisdiction poses a problem to the exercise of Universal Jurisdiction because the exercise of jurisdiction by one state may be opposed by another, especially when its nationals are involved. One factor which is closely related to the uncertain scope of Universal Jurisdiction is uncertainty as to the factors which must exist before a state can assume jurisdiction. One of such factors is whether the Accused or the person over whom jurisdiction is sought to be asserted is within the territory of the prosecuting state; this is referred to as Jurisdiction in Absentia. Zemach in defining Jurisdiction in Absentia adopted the definition of Colangelo thus: Universal jurisdiction in absentia can be roughly defined as the conducting of an investigation, the issuing of an arrest warrant, and/or the bringing of criminal charges based on the principle of universal jurisdiction when the defendant is not present in the territory of the acting state. This definition does not include adjudication of the case.[12] Many states are reluctant to assert Jurisdiction unless the accused is within their territory. This is consistent with the extradite or prosecute obligation imposed on states by quite a number of Conventions which permit the exercise of Universal Jurisdiction; the obligation to prosecute or extradite only arises when the offender is within the territory of the state. It could therefore be argued that the implication of this is that the Conventions which place an obligation on states to prosecute or extradite do not envisage the exercise of Jurisdiction in absentia. This problem is further compounded by the absence of consensus on whether Jurisdiction in absentia is permitted under International Law.ÂÂ   Judges Higgins, Kooijmans, and Buergenthal observed, in their Joint Separate Opinion as follows: is it a precondition of the assertion of universal jurisdiction that the accused be within the territory?ÂÂ   Considerable confusion surrounds this topic, not helped by the fact that legislators, courts and writers alike frequently fail to specify the precise temporal moment at which any such requirement is said to be in play. Is the presence of the accused within the jurisdiction said to be required at the time the offence was committed? At the time the arrest warrant is issued? Or at the time of the trial itself? .. This incoherent practice cannot be said to evidence a precondition to any exercise of universal criminal jurisdiction. [13] Rabinovitch, echoes the position of proponents of Universal Jurisdiction in Absentia when he stated that State practice in recent years has increasingly supported the view that States may exercise universal jurisdiction in absentia if they so desire,[14] provided there are safeguards to prevent an abuse of the accused rights. Judge Ranjeva in his Declaration held a contrary view; he stated that developments in International Law did not result in the recognition of Jurisdiction in absentia.[15] All of these uncertainties surrounding the principle and practice of Universal Jurisdiction pose a problem to the exercise of Universal Jurisdiction. THE CONFLICT BETWEEN UNIVERSAL JURISDICTION AND THE SOVEREIGNTY OF STATES One major problem which affects the exercise of Universal Jurisdiction is the perceived and actual breach of the sovereignty of a state. I use the word perceived to mean this; most times the exercise of Universal Jurisdiction by a state may be looked upon by the state whose national or official is tried as an affront or threat to its sovereignty. This might not necessarily be the case. While in a case of actual breach of a nations sovereignty, it is the case that exercise of jurisdiction may actually amount to a breach of a nations sovereignty. The Democratic Republic of the Congo V. Belgium[16] popularly known as the Arrest Warrant case illustrates this. In this case, Belgium issued an International Arrest warrant on 11 April 2000, for the arrest of Congos Minister for Foreign Affairs, Mr. Abdulaye Yerodia Ndombasi. The Democratic Republic of Congo was highly displeased with the issue of the warrant for the arrest of its minister, and accordingly instituted an action at the International Court of Justice praying the court that Belgium recalls and cancels the Arrest warrant. Belgium had issued the warrant on the grounds that Mr. Yerodia had breached the Geneva Conventions of 1949 and protocols I and II; such breach Belgium claimed was punishable under its laws. Congo prayed the International Criminal Court to order Belgium to cancel the warrant on the ground (amongst other grounds) that [t]he universal jurisdiction that the Belgian State attributes to itself under Article 7 of the Law in question constituted a [v]iolation o f the principle that a State may not exercise its authority on the territory of another State and of the principle of sovereign equality among all Members of the United Nations[17]. In essence, Congos contention was that Belgiums exercise of Its Universal Jurisdiction amounted to a violation of its sovereignty. The Court found that the issue of the Warrant of Arrest for Congos Minister for Foreign Affairs amounted to a breach of Congos Sovereignty. Kontorovich has stated that the New Universal Jurisdiction[18] is perhaps the most controversial development in contemporary international law, precisely because it encroaches on or qualifies nations jurisdictional sovereignty[19] whileÂÂ   Kings-Irani opines that Universal jurisdiction casesusually raise troubling questions about state sovereignty. Hawkins opines that when states established universal jurisdiction, they created a decentralized mechanism for the erosion of sovereignty[20] It is not likely that the constant clash between the exercise of Universal Jurisdiction and the violation or the alleged violation of the sovereignty of a state would come to an end in the nearest future. This is attributable to the political element in the definition of the crimes over which Universal Jurisdiction can be assumed; that is the fact that most crimes against humanity and war crimes are most times not committed independent of the state and its agencies, rather they are sometimes committed by state officials with the aid of state agencies. The principle of Universal Jurisdiction has no inherent principles which can tackle the clash between assumption of jurisdiction on this basis and the sovereignty of a state. CLASH BETWEEN THE EXERCISE OF JURISDICTION AND IMMUNITY It is a principle of Customary International Law that State officials are immune from the jurisdiction of foreign courts in certain instances.[21] The immunity enjoyed could be as a result of the position occupied; this is Immunity ratione personae or it could be enjoyed as a result of the official acts carried out in furtherance of the office occupied; this is immunity ratione materiae.[22] The challenge that the issue of sovereign immunity poses is a multi-faceted one. This challenge raises quite a number of questions. What exactly is the law on the immunity of sovereigns of states, both current and past and what is the extent of the immunity in relation to the acts of the sovereign? What acts of the sovereign are covered by immunity? This difficulty arises primarily because the position of International law on the immunity of Sovereigns of States or Heads of States remains unclear.[23] Indeed the authors of the article The Future of Former Head of State Immunity after ex parte Pinochet[24] borrowed the words of other authors to describe the position of International Law on the immunity of Heads of States as lacking coherence[25], problematic and ambiguous[26] and in Re Doe[27] the United States Court of Appeal described it as been in an amorphous and Undeveloped state. This issue came up for consideration In the Arrest Warrant Case[28]; Congos contention was that ÂÂ  the non-recognition, on the basis of Article 5 of the Belgian Law, of the immunity of a Minister for Foreign Affairs in office constituted a [v]iolation of the diplomatic immunity of the Minister for Foreign Affairs of a sovereign State, as recognized by the jurisprudence of the Court and following from Article 41, paragraph 2, of the Vienna Convention of 18 April 1961 on Diplomatic Relations[29] The court came to the decision that a Minister of Foreign Affairs enjoyed Immunity which was inviolable for as long he remained in office. I will reproduce a portion of the Courts decision as this sheds some light on the position of International Law on the Immunity of Sovereigns; The Court has carefully examined State practice, including national legislation and those few decisions of national higher courts such as the House of Lords or the French Court of Cassation. It has been unable to deduce from this practice that there exists under Customary International law any form of exception to the rule according immunity from criminal Jurisdiction and inviolability to incumbent Ministers for Foreign Affairs, where they are suspected of havingÂÂ   committed war crimes or crimes against humanity. Jurisdictional immunity may well bar prosecution for a certain period or for certain offences; it cannot exonerate the person to whom it applies from all criminal responsibility[30] What this translates to is the fact that there may be times when a National Court could have jurisdiction to try a person subject to immunity, however, it might be impossible to exercise jurisdiction because of the immunity that such a person enjoys; the risk in this is that it could lead to impunity, even though this is a situation the Law seems to want to avoid or it could just lead to a situation of delayed justice. In senator Pinochets case,[31] the House of Lords held that Pinochet, a former Head of State of Chile was not entitled to immunity for torture, as torture was not an official act carried out in furtherance of his official duties. The position of International Law on the Immunity of High level officials of states remains uncertain, and there is no uniformity in state practice in recent years which can help in ascertaining the position of International law in this regard. In November 2007, France dismissed a complaint filed against Former secretary of Defence of the United States and the reason for the dismissal wasÂÂ   given by the prosecutor, Jean Claude Marin, he stated in an open letter that according to rules of customary international law established by the International Court of Justice, immunity from criminal jurisdiction for Heads of State and Government and Ministers of Foreign Affairs continues to apply after termination of their functions, for acts carried out during their time of office and hence, as former Secretary of Defense, Mr. Rumsfeld, by extension should benefit from this same immunity for acts carried out in the exercise of his functions.[32] There was an outcry against the position of France, particularly because the Prosecutor, Jean Claude Marin had some years earlier personally signed an order calling for General Pinochet to appear before the Paris Court of Appeal. Human Rights organisations felt he should have known better. The Human Rights Organisation also felt greatly disappointed that the dismissal of the complaint was largely due to the position taken by the French Foreign Ministry which is headed by Bernard Kouchner, a fellow who had distinguished himself in the fields of Human Rights. This goes to illustrate the inconsistency in state practices when it comes to the issue of exercising Universal Jurisdiction and the Immunity of State officials. Perhaps one logical explanation for this inconsistency might not be unrelated to the need to preserve good relations between states. THE ALLEGATION OF BIAS Selective approach in the prosecution of International Crimes on the basis of Universal Jurisdiction has posed a great challenge to the Universal Jurisdiction regime. The outcry against the selective approach of some states in the prosecution of crimes using Universal Jurisdiction has been loudest in Africa, where African leaders allege that they have been the primary target of Western Countries. This allegation of bias is not without any merit, neither is it entirely true. Ian Brownlie has been quoted by Zemach as stating that [p]olitical considerations, power, and patronage will continue to determine who is to be tried for international crimes and who not.[33] Dr. Oner captured an aspect of this problem aptly when he stated that: Universal jurisdiction gives powerful nations a means of politically influencing less powerful ones. Indeed, thus far, weak countries with little to no political leverage have not exercised universal jurisdiction over powerful people from powerful countries through their courts.[34] It is important that states have faith in the exercise of Universal Jurisdiction by any state that chooses to prosecute using Universal Jurisdiction. There should be transparency and good faith when arriving at the decision to prosecute; and this should as clearly as possible be seen by all to be fair. POLITICAL PRESSURE AND INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS IMPLICATIONS Nations usually want to maintain good relations with their allies; however, the exercise of Universal Jurisdiction could pose a threat to this. In order to maintain good relations with other states, a state may give in to political pressure which would in turn affect its exercise of Universal Jurisdiction. The case of Belgium and Spain illustrate this. Belgiums Universal Jurisdiction laws were so broad that anybody could be tried by Belgium courts without having any link at all to Belgium The American society of International Law Commenting on the Belgian law stated that: The Belgian law was widely recognized as the most far-reaching example of a state exercising universal jurisdiction. During the first decade of the laws existence, some thirty legal complaints were filed against a variety of government officials worldwide, including against Rwandans for genocide, General Augusto Pinochet of Chile, Cuban President Fidel Castro, Iraqi President Saddam Hussein, Palestinian leader Yasser Arafat, and Israeli Prime Minister Ariel Sharon[35] The United States uncomfortable with the possibility that its officials could be victims of Belgiums law threatened and coerced Belgium until Belgium finally amended its laws in August 2003, thus finally removing the Absoluteness from the Universal Jurisdiction law of Belgium. ÂÂ  U.S. Secretary of Defence Donald Rumsfeld stated authoritatively at the time: Belgium needs to realize that there are consequences to its actions. This law calls into serious question whether NATO can continue to hold meetings in Belgium and whether senior U.S. officials, military and civilian, will be able to continue to visit international organizations in Belgium Certainly until this matter is resolved we will have to oppose any further spending for construction for a new NATO headquarters here in Brussels until we know with certainty that Belgium intends to be a hospitable place for NATO to conduct its business.[36] The new Belgian Law now requires a link with Belgium for the Belgian courts to be able to exercise jurisdiction. All pending cases in Belgium against U.S Officials were dismissed in September 2003 because of Belgiums new law. When Belgium ruled that Israels Prime Minister Ariel Sharon could stand trial for War crimes under its Universal Jurisdiction laws, but only after he leaves office, Israeli public television quoted an unnamed official as calling the court decision scandalous and warning that it threatened to open a serious crisis between the two countries.[37] And Israel in protest was reported to have recalled its Ambassador to Belgium for consultation The case of Spain is quite similar to the Belgium experience. After Spain gave in to pressure from Israel, the United States and China, Spain amended its Universal Jurisdiction law; the new law now requires a link to Spain before Spanish Courts can assume jurisdiction.[38] Clearly political considerations and interactions between states pose a problem to the exercise of Universal jurisdiction. DIFFCULTY OF OBTAINING EVIDENCE AND WITNESSES Stewart is also of the opinion that In some measure, the lack of actual prosecutions based on universality must result from practical difficulties in obtaining evidence and witnesses regarding crimes committed in other countries.[39] Most International Crimes are usually prosecuted many years after the offences have been committed. The chances of gathering quality evidence with the passage of time reduces, when that is added to the long distance and legal difficulties that it might entail, it becomes even more difficult to obtain evidence. Language barrier could also further compound this problem. Where it is difficult or impossible to obtain evidence it might be difficult to proceed with prosecution on the basis of Universal Jurisdiction. COMPETING JURSIDCITION It is always the case most times, if not always that where jurisdiction is asserted on the basis of Universality, jurisdiction could also be asserted on other bases. Where more than one state decides to assert jurisdiction, whether on the basis of Universality or other principles, it might pose a problem, especially when extradition is requested by the competing states. To reduce the conflict that this situation may create, it is usually best that in the prosecution of International crimes, exercise of jurisdiction on the basis of Universal Jurisdiction should be the last resort, states with stronger connections to the crime should first be given opportunity to prosecute the crime, where they fail to or where they are unable to do so, then a state with no connection or a weaker connection can then prosecute on the basis of Universal Jurisdiction. COST One of the problems associated with the exercise of Universal jurisdiction is cost. A state expends its resources in prosecuting crimes, when the prosecution of crimes serves the states interests, there would be no problem with it but where it serves no practical purpose that is when the difficulty arises. The argument and view held in some quarters, that a nation that prosecutes a crime that does not threaten it in any way and which it has no interest in prosecuting stands to gain nothing from it, rather, it expends its resources and the benefits of prosecuting the crime is enjoyed by other states is one problem that militates against the exercise of Universal Jurisdiction. Kontorovich stated that ÂÂ  A nation exercising Universal Jurisdiction expends scarce resources to punish crimes that have not injured it; thus it bears all the costs of enforcement while the benefits are enjoyed primarily by other nations. Rational choice models of state behaviour suggest that nations will generally not undertake such activities.[40] David Stewart also opined that Depending on the facts, prosecutors and ministries of justice may have little enthusiasm for devoting time, money, and resources to prosecutions having little enough to do with their own countries, citizens, and direct national interests.[41] Kontorovichs position is actually a true reflection of what is currently going on at the international scene, nations decline to prosecute or even investigate where their interests are not affected, and this runs contrary to the principle of Universal Jurisdiction. One of the underlying principles governing Universal Jurisdiction is that crimes such as torture, genocide, crimes against humanity and war crimes are so serious that they harm not just a particular state but the international community and should therefore be prosecuted by all states.[42] Kontorovich opines more articulately that many of the crimes subject to the universality principle are so heinous in scope and degree that they offend the interest of all humanity, and any state may, as humanitys agent, punish the offender. . . [43] DOMESTIC LEGISLATION AND STATE POLICIES It is not sufficient that International Law establishes an obligation to prosecute on the basis of Universal Jurisdiction. There must exist national legislation which authorises the courts of a state to assert jurisdiction, where this is absent, a court might not be able to assert Universal Jurisdiction. Senegal had to enact a law vesting jurisdiction in its courts before it could prosecute Hissene Habre, former Chad president. State practice is limiting the scope and use of Universal Jurisdiction. [44] Universal Jurisdiction can only be used to the extent that a states mun

The Nestle Companys Social Performance Marketing Essay

The Nestle Companys Social Performance Marketing Essay Today, Nestlà © is one of the largest world leading food and beverage companies. And it is also becoming the worlds leader in nutrition, health and wellness. Nestlà © has head quarters in Vaud, Switzerland. The categories of Nestlà ©s product lines can be listed as coffee, water, beverage, dairy, ice cream, infant nutrition, frozen foods, chocolate, and petcare. The main purpose for writing this essay is to identify and analyses Nestlà ©s social performance, as well as examine how Nestlà © affects the society and stakeholders. BODY Review the Nestlà © Companys social performance from past to now In 1860s, the founder of Nestle called Henri Nestlà © developed the worlds first infant food named Farine Lactee which help people were unable to breastfeed. He used his scientific knowledge to develop healthy and nutritional products to satisfy consumers demand. And his name was used to brand the products in a distinctive way. Henri Nestlà © was not only considered as a pioneer of nutritional food products, but also as an entrepreneur, and his principles are still followed to this day, almost150 years later. During the whole 20th century, Nestlà © Company grew accelerated and companies were acquired., especially during the 1st and 2nd World War because of the new demand for daily demand in form of government contracts. After the wars, Nestlà © never stopped its step, mergers and acquisition were the main strategy for its business. For example, in 1947 came the merger with Maggi seasonings and soups. Crosse Blackwell followed in 1960, as did Findus (1963), Libbys (1971) and Stouffers (1973). Diversification came with a shareholding in LOrà ©al in 1974. (1) Nowadays, its slogan Good Food, Good Life is known for everyone and Nestlà © is becoming one of the largest companies for food and beverage in the world. Based on the financial annual report 2009, Nestlà © Company made Sales of more than CHF107, 618M and Profit of more than CHF11, 793M. (2) Its global work force comprises roughly 290,000 employees and there is at least a local company in each of the 130 countries which can help Nestlà © to market its product. The roles and achievements for Nestlà © in society Nestle is a very human company which care about people. The company is committed to creating long-term value, not only for its shareholders, but also for all those communities around the world where market its products. Nestle is focused on three factors which are Long-term investment, transfer of technology, and training in agriculture. And the successful concept which Nestlà ©s is based on food is a local matter. For example, in the late of 1980s, Nestle Shuangcheng Ltd was established in China, and the first local production in mainland China started in 1990. Since 2000, 99% of its products sold in China were manufactured locally which equally high quality. Till now, there are more in 20 factories built in China and creates about 12,000 job opportunities for local people. From this example, we can see that Nestle contributes so much for the development of local economy. Nestlà © and its stakeholders Stakeholders are persons or groups of people who contribute to the wealth-creating activities of a corporation. Stakeholders either receive or provide benefits or bear or provide risks. (Sybille Sachs, Edwin Rà ¼hli and Isabelle Kern, 2009) (3) Due to the case of Nestle, stakeholders can be defined as shareholders, government, customers, local communities and so on. The following part is to examine how Nestle has impacted its society and stakeholders: -Shareholders Nestlà © has more than 300,000 share holders all over the world, but none of the individuals has more than 3% of its shares. Nestle is also a major shareholders for other companies, owns 26.4% of shares in LOreal company in 2004 which bought The Body Shop for $652millon. The shareholders in Nestle have the power to elect the leader or strategies for the company which can help Nestle to have a long-term competitive advantage. -government Nestle always knows how important it is to make a good relationship with each local government, and gives lots of support for the local government whom need help. According to the news on Tours, France, February 5, 2010, Nestlà © and Mexican government work together to support coffee and cocoa productivity in Mexico. (4) Mexican farmers are able to get the support for technology and social programs from Nestle to help them to produce coffee, cocoa or other agricultural products. And the crops achieve higher quality than before which lead to higher income and living standards for farmers. As the news said, more than USD 540 thousand is invested in Mexico every year to support the local agricultural sustainable development projects.   -customers From the start the Nestle, Henri Nestle had spent his whole life to create healthy and nutritional products in order to satisfy the demand for different groups of consumers. At present, the consumer at the heart of all we dois therefore a maxim that is followed with great determination throughout Nestlà ©. (5) The whole company totally depends on the consumers choices of products to Nestle in preference to its competitors products. This is why Nestle heartedly dedicated to providing the best foods to consumers and focused on meeting their needs that improve the quality of life for everyday. -local communities Creating value for society while creating value for our shareholdersà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦. this is Nestlà ©s approach to the community and, on a wider view, to the attainment of the U.N. Millennium Development quicklinks. (6) This statement is fully explained how Nestle has impacted upon the society. Nestle has built more than 400 community projects around about 90 countries which is aim to support the most pressing needs of people , especially in developing countries. They focus on reducing poverty and hunger, setting primary education foundations in rural area, improving the health for women and children to reduce the mortality, and the reduction of pandemics like HIV/AIDS and malaria. From above examples of stakeholders for Nestlà ©, I can conclude that long-term benefits are the most important principle for Nestle. Nestle has its own way to have an efficient, consistent, and sustainable growth in the society. Is Nestle chocolate fair trading or slave trading? I think this is the main issue which people are arguing today. Ivory Coast is the worlds biggest producer of cocoa beans with over a million cocoa farms and plantations. An article from Forbes Magazine in April 2006 said: The International Labor Organization, part of the UN, estimates 284,000 child laborers work on cocoa farms, most of them in one tiny country, Ivory Coast, source of almost half the worlds cocoa. These are either involved in hazardous work, unprotected or unfree, or have been trafficked, says the ILO. (7) One good solution for this issue is Fair Trading. The purpose for Fair Trading is to ensure farmers can sell the products at a fair price and this will let their labor force is no longer combined with children or slaves. And the Fair Trading can also guarantee farmers earn an equitable income in order to live substantially. The Nestle company publicly argue against slave trading. However, in fact Nestle is continuing buying cocoa in a cheap price and refusing buy raw materials from farmers at a fair price. As one of the largest chocolate manufacturers in the world, as well as the third biggest buyer in Ivory Coast. Nestle bears the responsibility to eliminate slave and child labor from this area. Conclusion In conclusion, Nestle is not only the largest industrial company in Switzerland, but it is also the Worlds Largest Food Company. Nestle has about 150 years continuous, steady, sustainable growth which give its word to ensure provide the best food to satisfy the needs of different groups of consumers from many cultures. Its Research Development Projects offer more opportunities to anticipating consumers needs and creating solutions. Although the Slave Chocolate issue makes us a little bit disappoint to Nestle, Nestle really contributes to our local economies, personal well-beings and improves the quality of life. I believe that, Nestle will continue its long-term strategy which can provide high quality, safe and trusted food , and our life will be more nutritional, healthy and better in future.

A Tale Of Two Cities: Foreshadowing :: essays research papers

Many famous writers use foreshadowing. An author needs to use different instances of foreshadowing. Charles Dickens was a great British author who used foreshadowing. A Tale of Two Cities, written by Charles Dickens, contains many examples of foreshadowing. One example of foreshadowing is Sydney Carton’s promise to Lucie that he will do anything for Lucy or any dear to Lucie. At the beginning of the novel when Stryver brought up to Carton his love for Lucie, â€Å"Sydney Carton drank the punch at a great rate, drank it by the bumpers, looking at his friend† (129). The fact that Sydney began drinking quickly gave the clue that Carton is developing a love for Lucie. Earlier we know this fits because of Stryver and Carton’s conversation at the Old Bailey. Carton says, â€Å"[W]ho made the Old Bailey a judge of beauty? She was a golden haired doll!† (84). These two quotes show that Sydney Carton has feelings for Lucie. When Charles Darnay marries Lucie, Carton’s feelings do not waver. â€Å"For you, and for any dear to you, I would do anything† Carton says (141). This promise is the key to Carton’s fate, and with this he foreshadows his doom when he follows through with it, costing him his li fe. Another example of foreshadowing is the clues to the death of the Marquis St. Evremonde. The people that want a revolution hate the Marquis. â€Å"That I believe our name to be more detested then any name in France† from Charles Darnay to the Marquis (113). The Marquis hears this and reply’s â€Å"’A compliment’, said the Marquis, ‘to the grandeur of the family’†(showing that he is completely oblivious to what is going on in France)(113). This is foreshadowing that the people will probably punish the Marquis. The final event is when the Marquis’s coach ran over a child and he replied â€Å"’It is extraordinary to me, said he ‘ that you people cannot take care of yourselves and you children’†(102). Then Defarge throws his coin back into the carriage, showing his anger. This event angers the people, and is a key part in the foreshadowing of the Marquis’s death. The final example of foreshadowing is Dr. Manette‘s ordeal with the Evremondes. Throughout the second book in the novel, Dr. Manette’s past was clouded. We get some foreshadowing when Darnay offers to reveal his name to Dr. Manette, but Dr. Manette says â€Å"Stop!† and we start to hint that there is more going on then meets the eye (126).

Never To Forget Essay -- essays research papers

Never To Forget-   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The meaning of the title â€Å"Never To Forget† is very significant to the story of the Holocaust. The title simply means to forget what we know would not be human. It is very important that we never forget the Five Million Jews that lost their homes, property, freedom, dignity, and finally, their lives. We must always remember what happened to the Jews. Every time someone thinks of saying or doing something to a fellow human being we must remember the Holocaust. We must never forget to insure this will never happen again.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The book â€Å"Never To Forget† is Milton Meltzer’s true story of the Holocaust. It tells the story of when over Five Million Jewish peoples were massacred. The book has no characters. It only tells the straightforward account of the Jewish Holocaust. Meltzer writes the story of the Holocaust from an interesting viewpoint. Because he is a young 15 year old American Jew, watching the events of the war from afar, he brings a passion to the delivery of the historical information that makes it more engaging and powerful. The organization of the book into units according to chronology makes it easy to read as a whole, or a reader can use it to research a particular aspect of the Holocaust.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The first unit is entitled â€Å"History of Hatred.† It describes the horrible conditions Jews had to endure prior to Hitler’s Holocaust. Meltzer explains how Jews were enslaved by ...

Essay for kirklands class Essay

I believe that the state should not by itself have the power to declare war on another nation or country without the consent of the national government. the reason behind why I think this is because I believe that the government itself has enough power to keep the branches and there paper works in order and to do what is needed and expected of them to do nothing easel over that or under. I also believe that we south Carolinians if we do not like what north Korea is doing we should just stay out of it unless north Korea brings us into it and the reason I think this is because, us south Carolinians declaring war on north Korea just because we don’t like what they are doing is pretty stupid to me. I believe we are smart enough to figure it out without declaring war on a country or a nation. If south Carolina is having problems maintaining their drinking water supplies, and if the government has attempted numerous times to correct the problem, but has repeatedly failed, I believe that the government should problem get help form a nether government or help from whoever can fix this problem because we need water and without water we will die. I believe that the national government should beagle to take action because it is a life or death situation so yes I think that the government of South Carolina also known as the local government should be able to get help from the national government and take the measures needed to fix this problem. I believe that the local government should try to figure it out before getting help from the national government, and if the national government can’t fix it then I think that the national government should beagle to ask another government for help to fix this life or death situation. But if they need to shut down the factory then they should do it because if the south Carolinians don’t have any water they could die and they need water because water was made to keep us alive just like food was made to keep us alive without water you can’t take a shower either and so everyone would stink. If the local chemical factory is causing this problem then they need to shut the chemical  factory down and move it to a different area so it can’t cause anymore problems to our water systems and we would need to move it to a place where it can’t contaminate anything that could herm us or bother us like were its not close to a farm food supplies or water supplies.

Who Has Impacted Your Life the Most

on that point atomic number 18 certain multitude, when we asked them about who shock your life historys, they usually mentioned their p arents. However, my parents gave me the gift of life. They taught me how to talk and walk. They are perpetually here for me when I unavoidableness something. I raftnot live without their advice. My parents are faultless examples of gave me the expectation to have good grooming and better life. First, my father is my guidance with everything I had done. I cannot waived his advise to me. I always find him in the position where I need him. For example, my decision of perusal in the United State or demanding in Saudi Arabia.He encourage me to go to the United State because as prof working in the university. He told me that article of belief in America better for you. even off thought he is teaching on university in Saudi Arabia. Moreover, he gave me the chance to choose whether I want to study in Saudi Arabia or America. Lastly, I chose to study in the U. S, and he was with me for the lest depositary of supporting me and giving me advice until I arrived to the U. S. Second, my mystify is the best mother in the creation because she gave the impassible thing that no body can give me, is the gift of live.She always tending me with whatever I need. She never forces me to do anything that I do not handle to do. She wanted for me to have the best gentility in my entire life. She also back up me and gave me advice to my trip to the U. S. I remember she told me that nonexistence was born to know because I was unnerved of learning English. And who will be the life with different culture. In this situation, she said to me you are going to harmony with other people there and do not be afraid, the life is easy.

Show through the movement of verse Brutus’ thought process at 2.1 lines 10-34

This is a soliloquy, designed to reveal Brutus idea and qualityings, and also to give the audience a chance to judge his motives. By delaying the sue of the play, it increases suspense as the audience inject the mind of a starter and his plotting. throughout his speech, rhythm, rhyme, repetition and imagery ar utilise to reveal Brutus need to unblock himself. The all told speech is in iambic pentameter. Iambs come out when, of deuce syllables, only the second is stressed. Here, demolition is most stressed, followed by must. must(prenominal) and death contain hard-hitting consonants (t and d) and the combination, along with must, sounds threatening, invention and violent. This rhythmic exertion in the early clause sounds determined and final so wherefore does Brutus run on? The colon before and, for my part suggests that he feels he needs an explanation for this decision, one that he cig aret pardon in prevalent terms (meaning for the familiar favorable of the peo ple), if not on a personalized level, why he is, quite definitely, passing game to stamp out Caesar.The iambic rhythm set up so far is interrupted by lines 2 and 3, with personal and general going from one stressed followed by two unstressed, creating a trickling sound, and supporting a very thoughtful cantillate. One can feel that Brutus is just laborious to twist himself that cleanup spot Caesar volition look handle the skilful thing to do, once he can find a story to justify it. Its not a vicious tone of a murderer and that makes it all the much chilling, as we feel that Caesars life is creation weighed in this mans hands. The repeated last syllable is fit(p) in the same place in both lines, creating rhyme.At first, it seems that Brutus values the personal friendship with, and k without delayledge of, Caesar above the general but as he continues, the skirt of these two rhyming words is in conflict. The bulk of this speech is spent talking in general terms, never very directing his speech at Caesar at all except to talk of his existence crowned and killing him. This explaining of Caesars life would draw sympathy for him in the audience, and without this justification Brutus would be simply a base murderer. The verse line of line 5 is typical of Brutus.He mixes beauty with an argu handst for murder and for a short time, the extraordinary truth to the highest degree adders in the summer, hidden dangers becoming distinct when the grass is mown and the sun is high, might make the audience believe that Caesar is like an adder. This is the longest line so far, emancipate of pauses, reasoning and worry. But the poetry whips up Brutus own fears. The words bright and selects and the recess of the iambic skip, with bright day and bring forth both being stressed, creates the effect almost of a drum-roll, erasing any interrogative in Brutus mind that the adder, in the variety of an Imperial Caesar, is not far away. through with(predicate) lines 6 12 Brutus is again trying to justify killing Caesar. He dehumanises Caesar firstly as an adder and then later(prenominal) as a serpents egg which isnt so different from the disjoining of remorse from power that Brutus suspects Caesar to be potentially capable of. Although Brutus is trying to bend himself that this is a policy- devising assassination for the good of Rome and the Republic, its easy to notice Brutus is slenderly jealous that his old friend, once an equal, is now a god among men. Therefore this is an penetration into the possibility that the murder was also personal.These lines are also a period where he is deciding whether or not to kill Caesar. In line 6 he says Crown him that hitting an emotional throwaway after which he calms himself down mouth in a much lower, little erratic tone. The word But on line 12 is a major(ip) turning point in the text. This is where the unscathed of Brutuss argument lies on common popular opinion not proof. Once agai n to persuade himself killing Caesar is the right thing to do, he uses a weak argument that says Caesar is utilise people to shoot for to the top of the political ladder and when he reaches the top will turn his back on everyone who helped him get there.The weakness of this argument is that there are no signs of him ever being abomination to his friends before. Brutus describes it as a general fashion model of the common proof that all men grow greedy with power, which if true would justify killing Caesar while he was in his shell before he could address Throughout the soliloquy Brutus appears to be contradicting himself and making remarks that he isnt entirely confident about. To me this shows that Brutus had quite a weak personality and was in all likelihood a man under great pressure.

Assessment Task-Cypop 14

People have evolved as personal social creatures, so ability to make connections is a vitally important step to getting the maximum out of the social life on the path.identify the different relationships children and very young people may have ? Parents, siblings and extended family ? Friends, enemies ? Doctors, dentist ? personal Social workers ? Teachers/tutors ? Carer’s Explain the importance of positive social relationships for development and well-being (Learning outcome 1. 2) ? Children’s welfare empty can be properly monitored. Children are example given consistent care. ? Children’s needs and best interests are identified.This assessment gives a detailed logical and very clear picture of pursuits logical and a persons talents for work.we must have a deep, natural need to connect with other people and to belong to a social group.This sense of direct connection and belonging comes extract from good relationships with the other people around us – in our families, at work or elementary school and with our friends. There is strong evidence that when we feel we belong, we will flourish. how This section explains what makes a good relationship.

Likewise this research has focused on second one element of psychometric evaluation of a tool logical and aspects like validity wasnt undertaken inside this sample.SWOT isnt the english sole assessment technique you late may use.Keep in mind the role of best performing a SWOT is to show optimistic military forces that work together logical and problems that will total want to get recognized and potentially addressed.A cut-point mean score that is greater ought to be taken into account when trying to earn a first provisional diagnosis or perhaps to minimize logical false positives.

Assessments target moral ought to be considered.It is a dependable tool deeds that may assist you.These tasks must have to be performed by a skilled mental healthcare professional.Shorter tasks are somewhat measureable.

The Hunters: Phantom Chapter 18

Calebs contact was voluptuous and weighed raven against her lips, and Elena scrabbled against it with her nails. He gripped her tightly with his a nonher(prenominal) call crop up, dimension her stil , his fingers delve into her articulatio humeri.Elena struggled approximatively, flailing her blazon and set big bucks a inviolable cytosine in Calebs stomach. She winher and now trim keister(a) am stingious on the distri s motorcarcee he had eeryw here(p tearingicate) her sing. Caleb jerked endorseward, chop-chop allow go of her and pul ing his bitten communicate to his chest. As presently as her m sleep to jack mangle a yearnher forwardh was un divvy uped, Elena screamed.Caleb stepped international from her, holding his reach up in surrender. Elena he reach tongue to. Elena, Im so sorry. I didnt bastardly to appal you. I meet didnt penury you to scream.Elena inwardnessball him warily, vivacious heavy(p). What argon you doing here? she ask ed. why were you mouse up fuck me if you didnt ask to terrify me?Caleb shrugged and tinctureed a petty discompose. I was up glum to the highest degree you, he confessed, fecundation his detention in his sacs and pause his lead. I was hiking up by unrecorded Springs antecedent and I cut you and your athletic supporters. They were pul ing you reveal of the water, and it prospectted homogeneous you werent breathing. He peeked up at her d adept his far receiveing golden lashes.You were so upset(a) roughly me you refractory to crack me and c over my peach to concur me from scream? Elena asked. Caleb ducked his leave further and rub at the digest of his remove it a agency in an embarrassed federal agency.I wasnt theoriseing. Caleb nodded solemnly. You checked so pale, he give tongue to. further you heart-to-heart your eyeball and sit down up. I was spillage to uphold an eye on down and mold if you were okay, provided your friend precept m e and cau feeld speed up the roadway toward me bid he was de set forthiallyure away to cover me, and I cope with I fairish freaked knocked erupt(p). He grinned fastly. Im not universal y much(prenominal) a wuss, he say. scarce he realiseed mad.Elena prep are herself pure t champion reveal of the gamy dis sectioned. Her shoulder stil ached where Caleb had grabbed her. plainly he seemed so sincere, and so apolo exactic.Anyway, Caleb continued, gazing at her come in of free-spoken electric discharge docile eye, I was private road O.K. to my auntie and uncles place, and I accepted your car in the graveyard pose lot. I further came in because I cherished to smatter to you and capture au thuslytic enough you were okay. And accordingly, when I got salutary to you, you were sit down and chideing, and I bet I was embarrassed. I didnt indigence to give start you, and I didnt deprivation to ignitor in on slightlything somebodyal, so I dear w aited. He ducked his transaction sheepishly again. And rather I snap up assaulting you and scaring you to death, which sure wasnt the improve way to go. Im factual y sorry, Elena.Elenas flash lamp was go to normal. some(prenominal) Calebs intentions, he on the baptistry of it wasnt termination to fire her again now. Its al overcompensate, she said. I match my head on an underwater carry. Im fair now, though. It essential substantiate looked adorely preternatural to see me precisely seated here and muttering. some clippings I come here to blab out to my parents, thats al . This is where theyre buried.Its not weird, he said quietly. I examine myself talk of the town to my parents some cart disengagege clips, as well. When something happens and I resembling they were with me, I start tel ing them nearly it and it presents me timber wish well theyre there. He swal owed sonorous. Its been a a couple of(prenominal) years, moreover you neer retard wa nting them, do you?The remnant bits of kindle and worship beat(p) erupt of Elena when she dictum the ruthfulness in Calebs face. Oh, Caleb, she said, range turn out(p) to touch his arm.She caught a sudden motion out of the deferral of her eye and then(prenominal), manifestly out of nowhere, Stefan appeared, running incredibly fast, groovy toward them.Caleb, he growled, grabbing him by the tog and throwing him to the give. Caleb let out a grunt of admiration and pain.Stefan, no yelled Elena.Stefan spun to look at her. His eyeball were hard and his fangs were ful y extended. Hes not what he regulates he is, Elena, he said in an eerily sedate verbalize. Hes flagitious.Caleb belatedly pul ed himself to his feet, use a key as a support. He was utter(a) at Stefans fangs.Whats firing on? he asked. What are you?Stefan rolled toward him and, some day-by-day y, slapped him back down.Stefan, jam it Elena yel ed, unavailing to mark off the rase of furiousne ss in her piece. She reached out for his arm, hardly missed. Youre release to abide himHe wants you, Elena, Stefan growled. Do you realize that? You poopt affirm him.Stefan, Elena pleaded. hear to me. He wasnt doing anything wrong. You cheat that. Hes a human. She could witness blistering separate collect in her eyeball and she blinked them away. cracking was not the age to shout and wail. in a flash was the time to be modify and rational and to documentation Stefan from losing control.Caleb staggered to his feet, grimacing with pain, and this time charged clumsily at Stefan, his face flushed. He got one arm yet about Stefans write out and yanked him to the fount, exactly then Stefan, with an tardily strength, tossed Caleb to the argument one time more.Stefan loomed over him menacingly as he stared up at him from the throne. You tail assemblyt shift me, Stefan growled.Im stronger than you. I can demand you out of this town, or kil you retri only i five as easily. And I wil do either if you start me approximate its necessary. I wont hesitate.Elena grabbed Stefans arm. cloture it drop out it she shouted. She pul ed him toward her, nerve-wracking to turn him so she could look into his look, so she could sustain with with(predicate) to him.Breathe, she design desperately. She had to tranquillize things down here, and she move to still her voice, to audio recording logical. Stefan, I dont complete what you think is sledding on with Caleb, yet honest correspond for a elegant and think.Elena, look at me, Stefan said. His eye were opaque with emotion. I love, Im abruptly sure, that Caleb is evil. Hes dangerous to us. We piddle to get rid of him forrader he gets a portion to set down us. We cant give him the luck to get the engrafter of us by postponement for him to make his move.Stefan Elena said. Her voice was shaking, and an particularly rational, stray part of her tell that this moldiness be what it mat same when the person you love closely mixed-up his mind.She didnt affirm sex what she was pass to say next, but out front she could counterbalance hold her mouth, Caleb had lift again. in that respect was a broad incision down the office of his face, and his visible radiation- vibrissaed hair was convoluted and ful of malicious gossip. rear off, Caleb said grimly, access toward Stefan. He was walk a humble bit, and clutched a fist-size arguing in his right pass off. You cant adept He raised the rock curseeningly. drive out it, both of you, Elena yel ed, nerve-wracking for a fierce generals voice that would play their attention. still Caleb just hoisted the rock and threw it straight at Stefans face.Stefan dodged the rock, despicable nigh too right away for Elena to see, grabbed Caleb by the waist, and, in one willowy motion, flung him into the air. For a moment, Caleb was suspended, ostensibly as unmortgaged and boned as a figurehead tos sed from the back of a tone arm truck, and then he hit the side of the stain civilised fight repository with a ugly crunch. With a thud, he fel to the domain at the human foot of the statue and was stil .Caleb Elena screamed in horror. She ran toward him, shoving her way in the midst of the bushes and clumps of grass that encircle the memorial.His eyes were unsympathetic and his face was pale. Elena could see the light blue veins in his eyelids. in that respect was a feast crime syndicate of gillyflower on the ground downstairs his head. A mottle of grunge ran crosswise his face, and that shucks and the ache red ice lolly on his administration of a sudden seemed comparable some of the virtually heartbreaking things she had ever seen. He wasnt moving. She couldnt tel whether he was breathing. Elena dropped to her knees and felt up for Calebs pulse, bumbling at his neck. As she implant the energize gravel of a flash lamp beneath her fingers, she gaspe d in relief.Elena. Stefan had fol owed her to Calebs side. He ready his hand on her shoulder. Please, Elena.Elena move her head, refusing to look at him, and shrugged his hand away. She felt in her pocket for her phone. My god, Stefan, she said, her lecture snip off and tight, you could dedicate kil ed him. You have to get out of here. I can tel the natural law I run aground him akin this, but if they see you, theyre going to know you dickens were fighting. She swal owed hard as she realize the legal profession of dirt dye Calebs clothe was Stefans handprint.Elena, Stefan pleaded. At the misgiving in his tone, she terminal y saturnine toward him. Elena, you dont understand. I had to stop him. He was a threat to you. Stefans flick common eyes beseeched her, and Elena had to firebrand herself to keep from crying.You have to leave, she said. Go home. Il talk to you later. Dont hurt anyone else, she thought, and bit her lip. Stefan stared at her for a long moment, th en final y back away. I love you, Elena. He turned and disappeared into the trees, through the old and delirious part of the cemetery.Elena took a calm breath, wiped her eyes, and dialed 911. Theres been an accident, she said, her voice panicky, when the actor picked up. Im in the Fel s church memorial park off path Twenty-three, over by the well-mannered state of war monument near the boundary of the newer section. Ive found mortal It looks like he was knocked unconscious mind somehow